清代新疆农耕区水利纠纷研究

A Study on the Irrigation Disputes in Cultivation Area of Xinjiang during Qing Dynasty

清代新疆农业用水有渠灌、井灌和坎儿井三种利用方式。灌溉水资源分配由专职人员经理,遵循分地安插、先来者优先以及均平分水等原则。气候干旱、河流丰水期与用水高峰期错位、多种用水主体间的利益诉求差异等是产生水利纠纷的主因,兵民争水、官民争水和民户争水是三种基本表现形式。应对举措除遵循严格的管理分配措施外,还包括调整政区边界、政区归属、进行错季灌溉等。政府对灌溉水资源管控的要旨不在于建构一套一成不变的配额体系,而在于保证新配额达成的公平性,在新配额制定之前维护旧配额的权威性,并且尽量减少导致纠纷的可能因素。

Canal, well and kariz were three irrigation forms in Xinjiang during Qing dynasty. The distribution of irrigational water was in charge of professional staffs. The distributing principles included separating settlement; the former settler had irrigational priority, average allocation, etc. The dry weather, misplacement between the flood season of river and the peak of irrigation, and the interest demanding divergence of different users were main reasons causing irrigation dispute. The disputes mainly produced between army and civilians, between officials and civilians,between different civilians. The countermeasures included following the allotting measures, adjusting the boundary of administrative area and its affiliation relationship, implementing staggered rush season irrigation, etc. Government＇s managing keystone to irrigational water was not to build an invariable quota, but to ensure the fairness of new quota, to defend the authority of old quota, and to reduce the possible factors which producing disputes.