元明清中央王朝对云南治理政策比较研究

Comparison of Central Governmental Policies for Governing Yunnan in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties

元朝对云南的治理,在指导思想上排出了"外夷狄内华夏"的观念,在云南组建了隶属于中央的大行政区,把云南真正纳入管辖范畴之内,在云南推行与内地相同的治策。明朝对于云南的治理政策则回归到"守在四边","守在四夷"的传统核心指导思想,在领土问题上采取"守备为本"的思想,并设置中央机构和地方机构。至清朝,对边疆少数民族较少歧视,少有"内华夏外夷狄"一类的看法,但清前期诸帝依然有"守中治边""守在四夷"的传统意识,并在明朝的基础上,特设理藩院,作为统治少数民族的最高权力机构。此外,作为羁糜治策的升级版本,元明清经历了土官、土司制度直至改土归流的变迁,并在具体实施上呈现出明显的差异。而元明清王朝在云南开通、维护、发展驿道和兴办教育,对于增强云南和外地实质性的交流以及促进经济、文化、社会的进步和发展,起到了不可替代的作用。

In Yuan Dynasty,the idea of ＂excluding the ethnic groups from China＂was deleted and a government in Yunnan under the central government was established to carry out the same policy as that in the inner part of China. The policy of the central government of Yuan Dynasty was to defend the frontier areas.The territory policy was based on defense and preparation and the governmental and local governments were established. In Qing Dynasty,there was less discrimination over ethnic groups and the executive policy was to defense the inner part and govern the frontier areas. The Ministry of Minority Affairs was established as the highest government for governing ethnic groups. The policies for governing Yunnan in Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties evolved and there were distinctions in carrying out the policies. The central government of Yuan,Ming and Qing Dynasties developed courier routes and education in Yunnan,which promoted the exchange of economy and cultures between the inner China and the frontier areas and advanced the society.