北魏军司考论

On Junsi (军司) in Northern Wei Dynasty

北魏于太武帝太平真君十一年(450年)前已设置军司,孝文帝以后军司的设置成为常态。北魏的军司有四种类型:一是领兵行台常设的军司,二是为节制方镇而设置的军司,三是为讨伐军配置的军司,四是皇帝行在和权臣霸府偶尔设置的军司。其任职特点有五:军司不经吏部常规铨叙,而是由皇帝直接下诏委任;明确划分军司管辖的区域,使之与"道"紧密结合;作为监察主客体的军司和主官之间保持一定的职级位差;军司同时兼带其它职衔;军司全面介入作战的决策指挥与实施。家世门第、仕宦履历和品学素养是北魏选任军司着重考核的要素。部分军司卸任后可获准保留本职或由朝廷另授与其本职相当的职衔,通常另有委用,朝廷也多在战后提升军司的品阶,以资鼓励。军司是北魏监军系统的核心职位,其组织运作情况反映了北魏军事监察体制的一般原则。

Junsi （军司） , the core position in the Northern Wei Dynasty＇ s military supervision system, the functioning of which reflected the general principles of this system. The earliest records about Junsi of the Northern Wei Dynasty are found to have appeared in the 11 ,h year of Emperor Taiwu （太武） ＇ s Taiping Zhenjun （太平真君 ） and became the norm after Emperor Xiaowen （ 孝文 ）. The position of Junsi was tightly combined with Xingtai （ 行台 ）, Fangzhen （ 方镇 ）, expeditionary army, court and shoguns of powerful ministers. Its distinctive features included direct appointment by the emperor, clear and accurate jurisdiction, difference in rank, responsibility and authority. Junsi was selected strictly according to his family back-ground, post history and overall qualities. After leaving office, he might be allowed to retain his position or granted an equivalent title. Such incentive measures were effective to ensure the smooth and normal functioning of this system.