试论日本的科研伦理治理体系

On the Governance System of Research Ethics in Japan

日本当前的科研伦理治理体系主要是以政府和科研机构为主导,以其下属专家委员会为依托,经过科学求证制定全国纲要性文件和行业规范准则。在逐步发展的过程中,各大学与行业学会起到了推动作用,自下而上由大学率先成立伦理委员会,政府设置治验和伦理审查委员会,由行业内的纲领规定发展到政府制定颁布相关的伦理规范和指南,中央和下属机构并行从而建立起一套全国范围的伦理治理体系。日本的伦理委员会数量多,覆盖面广,涉及到各行各业,有统一的行规且遵循业内伦理规范和准则,但伦理委员会的运作本身也存在着一定问题。本文从治理理念、组织架构和制度规范三个角度来对日本整个伦理治理体系做一介绍和分析,并提出对中国的经验与启示。

Modern governance system of research ethics in Japan is coordinated by the national government and research institutes, and supported by the sub-expert panels, those who scientifically established national guiding documents and professional norm. In the development, the universities and professional societies promoted the process. Universities from the bottom established the ethical committees, and the government set up IRB and RERB ; meanwhile, programs in professionalsocieties developed to a series of governmental ethical codes and guidelines. Both national government and subordinate agencies built the national governance system of ethics together. The ethical committees in Japan are with a large number and concerned various fields. They own unified regulations and follow the ethical codes and norm within the field, but they are also with some problems. This article attempts to introduce and analyze the governance system of ethics in Japan from three viewpoints ： the concept of governance, the structure and institutional norms, and show its experiences and revelations to China.