中国古代皇权的制度性与非制度性制约

Institutional and Non-Institutional Restriction of Ancient Chinese Imperial Power

中国古代皇权的制度性制约包括谏官言谏系统以及以相权为代表的官僚系统,制度性制约的目的在于维护以皇权为代表的皇族利益,限制性权力与被限制性权力具有非对等性带来了制度性制约的弹性而非刚性。"天""德""民"对皇权的非制度性制约是以造成皇帝的天谴、内省、恐惧为基础的。制度性制约与非制度性相互融合,制约的广度与深度高于现代西方,而缺乏的是刚性。

Institutional restriction of ancient Chinese imperial power included the remonstrant expostulation system and bureaucracy system as represented in powers of the prime minister, the purpose of institutional restriction aims to safeguard the interests of the royal family as the representative of imperial power, the Non-reciprocity of limiting power and restricted power resulting in elasticity of institutional restriction instead of rigidity of institutional restriction. The non-institutional restriction of imperial power, such as ＂God＂, ＂Morality＂ and ＂people＂, is based on emperor＇s fear of God＇s condemnation, moral introspection and people＇s resistance. Mutual inte- gration and cooperation of institutional and non-institutional Restriction of Ancient Chinese imperial power promoted the development of ancient Chinese society, but the restricting results expressed as ineffective because of lack of rigidity.