从经营制度向财产制度异化——集体农地制度改革的回顾、反思与展望

Alienation from the Operating System to the Property System——Review,Reflection and Prospect of the Collective Rural Land System Reform

土地属于公有制生产资料。自实施家庭承包经营以来,农村土地制度设置面临着生产资料公有制与家庭分散经营之间的矛盾。通过承包经营,在集体公有的土地生产资料上建立集体"公有"与农户"私用"的权利关系。第二轮承包以来的政策变化,逐步脱离提高农业经营效率的制度目标,日渐朝着确立农民土地财产权利方向发展,土地承包经营制度异化为财产制度,不仅违背制度设置初衷,而且降低农业经营效率。下一步农地制度改革,应适应城镇化背景下的农业生产力发展趋势和生产关系变革需求,在坚持集体土地所有制的改革底线下,探索与农业经营方式相适应、与农民生产需求吻合的集体土地所有制实现方式。

The land belongs to the public owned means of production in China. Since the implementation of the household contract management, rural land system has faced with the contradictory between the public ownership and the family decentralized management. By contracting business, a series of right relationship have been established between the collective ＂public ownership＂ and farmers＇ ＂private operating＂ based on the collective public of land production. Policies since the second round contracting have been gradually alienated from the targets of increasing the agricultural management efficiency towards the goal to establish farmer＇s land property system, i.e. land contract and management system has been alienated to the property system, which is not only contrary to the original intention of the system, but also damages the efficiency of agricultural operations. The next step of rural land system reform should adapt to the development trends of agricultural productivity and changing demands of production relations under the background of urbanization, and explore collective public ownership＇ implementations that consistent with the agricultural management and farmers＇ production requirements while adhering to the collective land ownership reform as the bottom line.