论我国土地征收征用中的违宪问题

Violation of Constitution in Land Acquisition and Expropriation

本文阐明了宪法第10条第3款和第13条第3款的含义及其修宪原意,归纳出征收征用的六项宪法原则,并审视了《土地管理法》、《物权法》、《城市房地产管理法》、《国有土地上房屋征收与补偿条例》、《土地储备管理办法》等法律、行政法规和规章,发现这些法律法规中存在违反宪法有关法律保留、公共利益、征用补偿等原则的情况;论证了"有偿提前收回"在性质上属于征收,"建设用地"、"临时使用土地"打破了公共利益与非公共利益的区分,并以此为例指出在立法中存在忽视与宪法保持一致的情况;建议建立我国的违宪审查事先审查机制和事后审查机制,即在全国人大增设一个专门委员会——宪法委员会——以对法律法规的合宪性进行事先审查,法院将具体案件审理中发现的违宪问题提交全国人大常委会决定的事后审查机制。

This essay explains the plain meaning and original meaning of Section 3 of Article 10 and Section 3 of Article 13 of the Constitution, from which we can conclude six constitutional principles relating to taking clauses. This essay reviews several laws such as Land Management Law, Property Law Urban Real Estate Management Law, Regulation on the Expropri- ation of Houses on State--owned Land and Compensation and Regulation on Land Reserve, and finds out that there are some articles in these laws or regulations unconstitutional with constitutional principles such as law preserved, public interest, taking and compensation. In some case the key words like public interest used in Chinese Constitution doesn＇t appear in laws or regu- lations from the land use perspective. The use of land can he classified into two different purposes according to public interest principle. But this constitutional classification is changed by law or regulation. The classification between construction use and temporary use of land by law is irrelevant to public interest. In the end this essay proposes that constitutional review system should be established from both prior review and posterior review. And also there should be a constitutional committee under NPC to deal with the constitutional concrete work.