企业出口自选择效应与出口学习效应研究述评

Review of the Research on Self-Selection Effect and Export-Learning Effect

企业出口自选择效应与出口学习效应作为企业参与贸易的"因"和"果"是新新贸易理论关注的核心问题。相关研究引发了两个争议:(1)作为贸易的"因",是"出口自选择"还是"自选择悖论"。国外的实证检验多支持前者,而国内学者采用不同的实证检验方法,得出不尽相同的结论;(2)作为贸易的"果",是"出口学习效应"还是"学习效应悖论"。新新贸易理论认为,出口对企业生产率的作用方向并不明确,新贸易理论认为存在"出口技术溢出(学习)效应"。文献梳理发现:是否得出两个悖论与所关注的企业异质性内容及出口学习效应的影响因素有直接关系,但两个悖论出现的根源具有内在一致性——加工贸易使然。在未来,继续延伸企业异质性内容、拓展企业生产率异质性,进一步细分行业或区分出口时长(阶段),以及服务企业出口行为的异质性将是主要研究方向。

As the ＂cause＂ and ＂effect＂ of firms participating in trade, self-selection effect and learning by exporting effect is the core concern that new- new trade theory focuses on. Correlation research raised two controversies：（1） as the ＂cause＂ of trade, is ＂self-selection＂ or ＂paradox of self-selection＂. While the majority of empirical tests made by overseas studysupport the former, domestic scholars use different empirical test methods and the conclusions are not the same;（2）As the ＂effect＂ of trade, is ＂learning by export＂ or ＂paradox of learning by export＂. According to new-new trade theory, there is no evidence in proving the direction of how export affects firms＇ productivity. By studying the literature has found that whether can we conclude two paradoxes is directly related to the contents of firm heterogeneity we concern about as well as the influencing factors of learning by export effect. However, due to processing trade, the appearance of two paradoxes has inherent consistency. In the future, keep on extending the contents of firm heterogeneity and expanding the heterogeneity of firm productivity is still an important research direction; Further subdividing industries and periods for discussion when necessary may provide a more effective research method;shifting attention away from manufacturing firms towards service firms would be an inevitable trend.