从生态系统服务角度探究土地利用变化引起的生态失衡——以莱州湾海岸带为例

Effects of Land Use Change on Imbalance in Ecosystem Services:A Case Study of Laizhou Bay Coastal Zone

以莱州湾海岸带为研究区,基于2000年、2005年、2010年和2014年多时相土地利用数据,应用生态系统服务价值评估,逐层剖析土地利用变化对生态系统服务失衡特征的影响。结果表明：莱州湾海岸带供水与空气组分调节服务呈负值,2000~2014年,生态系统服务总价值丧失43%（147亿美元/a）,生态系统服务多样性降低甚至丧失,呈向海性,围填海造成162亿美元生态损失。土地利用变化方式是造成生态失衡的主因,主要包括：交通工矿、盐田、养殖及城镇扩张,滩涂、河口湿地、耕地被侵占。滩涂和河口湿地减少,导致废物处理、栖息地、基因多样性、干扰调节、侵蚀防护服务丧失严重,交通工矿和城镇扩张,引起供水服务负效应加剧。

Based on RS and GIS technology, using high-resolution Landsat TM image data in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2014, taking typical Laizhou Bay coastal zone as the study area, the paper analyzed land use change in Laizhou Bay coastal zone from 2000 to 2014, and assessed the changes of ecosystem functions and ecosystem services value（ESV） by drawing a connection between the observed land use dynamics and the evaluation of ESV, based on the benefit transfer method. The outcomes indicated that： 1） During the period 2000 to 2014,ESV of Laizhou Bay coastal zone decreased by 43%, from US $ 34.3 to 19.6 billion per year, net loss of yearly ecosystem service value was about US $ 14.7 billion. The ecosystem service functions were lost seriously. 2）The values of water supply service and air quality regulation are US $-6.48 and US $-0.22 billion per year, respectively. 3） The main causes of the decline of total ecosystem service value were the expansion of the construction land, salt pan, aquaculture, urban land and the decrease of the coastal wetland and cropland. 4） Sea and wetland reclamation caused US $ 16.2 billion loss of ecosystem service value yearly. The ecosystem service values of waste treatment, nursery service, genetic diversity, disturbance moderation, erosion prevention were lost seriously due to the loss of coastal wetlands. The ecosystem service value of water supply was lost seriously due to the expansion of the construction land and urban land. Results in this paper would lead government officials to realize the importance of ecosystem functions and services in Laizhou Bay coastal zone and identify the core ecosystem services from a socio-economic perspective. Land use change may seem economically profitable. However, after losing ecosystem services such as regulating or supporting services, the imbalance in ecosystem services would impact the human well-being and socio-economic development. Policy making should consider imbalance in ecosystem service, protect regional ecosystem services function and maintain its stability, so that ecosystems are preserved and society benefited.