中国农村社会养老与家庭养老的整合与调适——基于新疆M村田野调查的思考

Adjustment and Integration of China's Rural Pension Insurance System with Social Elderly Care and Household Elderly Care——About the Survey and Research on M-village in Xinjiang

随着现代化进程的不断加快,我国农村家庭代际分离现象日益凸显,传统的以家庭养老为主的农村养老出现危机;城乡居民养老保险制度的推广,为农村居民养老提供了稳定的经济支持,也建立了具有现代意义的农村社会养老保险制度,但其保障水平不高、保障范围有限,也进一步弱化了农村家庭养老。对新疆M村的田野调查显示,居民养老保险制度表现出一定的不适应性,其中维吾尔族居民的家庭养老仍然发挥着重要作用。在社会养老正式制度还不能完全有效发挥其保障功能时,应重视家庭养老这一非正式制度的功能。不但要实现农村社会养老保险制度的全覆盖,并逐步提高保障水平,拓展保障范围;还应基于一定程度代际分离的现实重建农村家庭养老制度,使家庭养老和社会养老成为农村养老保障制度体系的"两个支柱"。

With the rapidly process of modernization, China, s rural intergeneration separation becomes more and more significant, the traditional family-based rural old-age pension has been unable to cope with these risks alone, and the rural pension crisis appears. In view of this, the promotion of the national urban and rural old-age insurance provides a stable financial support for rural old-age care and sets up rural old-age insurance system with modem significance but further weakens rural household- elderly- care. The field-survey on M-village of Xinjiang reveals that the old-age insurance in rural areas shows certain non- adaptability, among which the household old- age-care in the Uygur stile plays important role. While society old- age-care can not play its security role, household- old-age care, an informal system, should be emphasized. China should not only realize the overall-covering of social old- age-care system and gradually improve its insurance level, but also reconstruct household old- age-care system based on the reality of certain inter-generation separation in order to make household old- age-care and society old- age-care become two pillars of rural old- age-care insurance system.