金朝礼部官员民族构成初探

On the Ethnic Composition of Officials of Libu in Jin Dynasty

金朝礼部官员之民族成分涵盖金朝境内女真、契丹、奚、汉等族,而各族在金朝礼部官员之比例不尽相同,礼部长贰官整体上是以汉族为主体,但从时间上来看,金朝前期礼部长贰官以辽、宋降臣为主,中后期则以金朝自身培养的人才为主,尤其是后期礼部长贰官中女真族人数逐渐增多,这是金朝礼部长贰官民族构成的最大特点。此种现象与金朝的用人政策、各族文化发展水平等有相当密切的关系。金朝初年实行"借才异代"政策,使得大量辽、宋降臣进入金朝官僚体系。中后期,由于科举、教育制度逐步完善,金朝本朝培养的人才大量涌现,尤其是女真官学、科举的建立,使得金朝女真族文化素质得到大幅提高。

The positions of Libu （ the Ministry of Rites） were taken by multi - ethnic officials in Jin Dynas- ty, ranging from ethnic Nuzhen, Qidan, Xi, to Han. Though the proportion of diverse ethnic officials was different, the Han officials took the dominant place in terms of Second Ministers of Libu. However, when it comes to the chronological line of research, in the first half of Jin Dynasty, the capitulated Liao and Song of- ficials constituted the majority while the latter half witnessed the growing number of self - cultivated Nuzhen officials, which was the outstanding feature in the composition of Second Ministers in Jin Dynasty. This tend- ency is closely related to the talent policy in Jin Dynasty as well as cultural development of various ethnic groups. In the initial years, Jin Dynasty adopted the policy of borrowing talents from other nations, which absorbed a large number of capitulated Liao and Song officials into the bureaucratic system. By contrast, in the mid - later period, due to the maturity of education and imperial examination, self - cultivated talents took the positions, especially with the establishment of government - run schools of Nuzhen and imperial ex- amination, which greatly enhanced the cultural quality of Nuzhen.