文化人类学视野下的湘西傩面具源流考

Research on the Origin and Change of the Xiangxi Nuo Masks in Perspective of Anthropology

傩面具作为湘西土家族、苗族傩祭仪式与傩戏表演中人神沟通的对象化与人格化工具,近年来不断被学者关注与研究,傩面具的造型观念与表现形式中,包含有艺术学、文化学、人类学、民俗学等多学科的学术内容。学界对湘西土家族、苗族傩面具横向跨时空的"面性"研究,可以丰富、多元地展示傩面具的多学科内涵和价值;但学界却缺少对傩面具产生、发展和流变的"线性"变化历程的梳理与深度缕析,故而无法展现傩面具这种民族艺术所经历的文化变迁历程和艺术发展过程的基本脉络。从文化人类学的视野对湘西土家族、苗族傩面具世俗性生产造型、交感巫术神人兽造型、傩祭仪式的人格神造型以及世俗化戏剧人物角色扮演造型等方面的研究,全面展现傩面具在其社会历史发展过程中造型对象与造型观念的产生、传承与流变过程,以及决定其传承与流变的文化人类学缘由,是傩面具研究的纵向时空线性源流考析的独特视角,由此,可以全面揭示其丰富的艺术学与文化人类学价值。

As the object and personalized tools in the communication between the God and person in the Nuo- sacrifice ceremony and Nuo drama performance of Tujia and Miao nationalities in Xiangxi, Nuo masks are continuously studied by scholars in recent years. Academic content of many subjects, such as art studies, cultural studies, anthropology, ethnology, etc. can be observed in the modeling concept and the interpreta- tional forms of Nuo masks. In recent years, academic studies of Nuo masks of Tujia, Miao nationalities in Xiangxi mainly focuses on the transverse multi -sited interpretations across time and space which is benefi- cial to demonstrating multi -disciplinary connotation versely. However, there is a lacking of the ＂linear＂ time to detect the origin, development and change of and values of the Nuo mask comprehensively and di- interpretation and deep investigation of the space and the Nuo masks so that the basic trajectory of cultural change and the art development process of the Nuo masks cannot be displayed. This article, from the per- spective of cultural anthropology, conducted a study of the Nuo masks of Tujia and Miao nationalities in Xiangxi on the secularized production modeling, the god - human - beast modeling in sympathetic witchcraft , the personalized God modeling in Nuo sacrifice , and so on. The paper therefore comprehensively of the modeling objects and concepts of the Nuo ceremony and character playing modeling in secular drama shows the process of occurrence, inheritance and dynamics masks in social and historical development, as well as the cultural anthropological factors that determine its transmission and change. This paper adopts a unique angle of viewing the diachronic time - space dynamics of Nuo masks which can fully reveal the rich values in terms of art studies and anthropology.