魏晋南北朝士族门阀政治与贵族社会关系探微——兼论日本学者“六朝贵族制”论说

Exploration of the Relation Between Gentry Party Politics in Wei and Jin Dynasties and Aristocratic Society——On the Japanese Scholars '“Aristocratic System of the Six Dynasties”Discourse

魏晋南北朝时期是中国古代的一个特殊时期,出现了士族门阀政治。关于这一时期的士族门阀政治与贵族社会的关系在学术界一直存在争议,没有确定的说法。在这一方面,日本学者提出"六朝贵族制"论说,它是在比附西欧中世纪贵族社会基础上,同时结合日本自身历史而提出的。但是这种论说还是存在一定缺陷,没有准确把握中国历史的发展脉络,没有揭示中国历史发展的客观规律。同时,魏晋南北朝士族门阀政治不同于西欧中世纪贵族社会,也不同于日本古代贵族社会。因此,魏晋南北朝士族门阀政治虽然具有贵族社会的一些特征,但是它已经不属于贵族社会。从宏观考察魏晋南北朝总的政治体制,主流是皇权政治而非门阀政治。皇权政治的各种制度经过南朝百余年的发展,终于与北朝合流而形成隋唐制度的重要渊源。皇权政治在这一曲折反复的变化过程中,本身也起着变化。

Wei and Jin Dynasties is a special period in ancient China,there has been gentry party politics. The relationship between gentry party politics of this period and aristocratic society has been controversial in the academic community,there is no definite statement. In this regard,the Japanese scholars put forward the＂Aristocratic system of the Six Dynasties＂discourse. On the basis of analogy with aristocratic society in Medieval Europe,it is raised combined with Japan＇s own history.But this discourse still has some defects because it does not accurately grasp the context of the history of China＇s development and it does not reveal the objective law of development of Chinese history. Meanwhile,gentry party politics in Wei and Jin Dynasties is different from the aristocratic society in Medieval Europe and the ancient Japanese aristocracy. Thus,gentry party politics in Wei and Jin Dynasties have some characteristics of aristocratic society,but it does not belong to the aristocracy. Investigating the overall political system of Wei and Jin Dynasties from a macro,the mainstream is imperial politics rather than gentry party politics. Through development of hundred years in Southern Dynasties,The various systems of imperial politics finally merged the system of Northern Dynasties and form the origin of the Sui and Tang system. In the repeated tortuous process of change,imperial political in itself is also changing.