试论土司国家权力应对与明清“众建”改流策略--以秀山杨氏土司的军征为例

A TENTATIVE APPROACH TO THE COUNTERMEASURES OF TUSI AGAINST THE STATE POWER AND THE INTEGRATION POLICIES OF MASS CONSTRUCTION OF MING AND QING DYNASTIES:A CASE STUDY ON THE MILITARY REQUISITION BY YANG FAMILY OF TUSI IN XIUSHAN COUNTY

元明清等朝续递国家治统,在"大一统"历史框架和地方行省管理体制下,土司制度裹挟的国家权力是影响元明清等朝与各族土司关系的根本性因素。秀山杨氏土司的军征表明,受国家权力左右和统治利益驱动,职衔较低、实力较弱的土司较职衔越高、实力越强者越不具备悖逆国家、对抗中央的实力,更有利于实现王朝国家"大一统"目标和巩固民族地区安定,明清等朝采取"众建""削弱"举措"改土归流",最大程度巩固王朝统治、扩张国家权威和消解土司影响。

Under the historical framework of great unification and the local provincial managerial institution in the period from the Yuan dynasty to the Ming and Qing dynasties when the state domination was in succession, the state power taken along with the Tusi system became an essential element affecting the relations between the central governments of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and the Tusi of various ethnic groups. The military requisition of the Yang family of Tusi in Xiushan county revealed that the lower ranking and less powerful Tusi were more unlikely to revolt against the reign of the central government in comparison with those higher ranking and more powerful Tusi, both of which were manipulated by the state power and motivated by interest of rule. This was favorable to achieve the objective of great unification of the state and to consolidate the stabilization in minority areas. The integration policies of the Ming and Qing dynasties, on the basis of mass construction and with the purpose of weakening local power, can best strengthen the rule of the dynasties, expand the state authorities and cripple Tusi influence to a great extend.