宋代富民阶层成长的制度空间:以交易费用为视角

System Space of the Rich Class Growth in the Song Dynasty:Based on Transaction Cost

宋代富民是以土地为主要财富积累而成长起来的社会阶层。这一阶层之所以能够迅速成长,是由于当时的土地产权制度和土地交易法律发生了一系列变革:一是明确了土地占有者的排他性产权,使土地收益权内部化和土地流转合法化;二是通过"印契投税"和"官印契书"促进了交易契约化,推广了契约专用性知识;三是对"亲邻优先权"在权利伸张者和诉讼时效方面作出限定,将人格化交易对公平交易的影响限制在一定范围内。这些制度变革降低了普通民众买卖土地的交易费用,使土地交易便利化,权益受到保护,从而刺激富民通过购买并经营土地积累财富,为富民阶层成长提供了制度性保障。

Rich people in Song Dynasty are a social class grows up by accumulating land as the main wealth resources. This class grows rapidly in the prosperous commodity economy. Becauseof a series ofchanges of land property right system and land trade legal system at that time, these changes can be summarized into three aspects. First, it confirmed exclusive property rights of land owner, which bought about land usufruct internalization and land transfer legalization. Second, collecting deed tax and using official contract to promote transaction contractualization and generalize specific contract knowledge. Third, it put forward limit for Relatives and Neighbors Priority in limitation of action and being suitable for people, which limits personification trade＇s impact on fair trading within a certain range. These institutional reforms greatly reduce transaction cost of land for common people, facilitate land transfer, protect rights and interests, and stimulate rich people to purchase land for wealth accumulation, which provide institutional guarantee for rich class growing.