滴灌毛管布置方式对极端干旱区葡萄地上生物量的影响

Effect of Layout Styles of Drip Irrigation on Grape aboveground Biomass in an Extremely Arid Area

为了了解滴灌技术对葡萄生长及产量的影响,在吐哈盆地大田条件下以无核白葡萄为研究对象,以传统沟灌(CK)为对照,分别采用地表3管(T1)、地下3管(T2)、地表2管对称滴头流量(T3)和地表2管不对称滴头流量(T4)4种不同的滴灌毛管布置方式进行滴灌,对灌后土壤含水量分布、葡萄叶面积指数和地上干物质量进行对比分析。结果表明:T1、T2和T4处理的湿润体在葡萄根系主要分布区域均能产生交汇,其中,T2处理的土壤含水量分布均匀,在根系主要分布区域均达到田间持水量,湿润范围覆盖了整个根区,且地表含水率较低,能够降低土壤蒸发,最适用于极端干旱区葡萄灌溉;T3处理的土壤含水量分布不均匀,在根系主要分布区域不能产生交汇,导致该区域含水量低于田间持水量,并且湿润范围很难覆盖整个根区。由于滴灌毛管布置方式对根区水分分布的影响,对于叶面积指数和干物质量,T2最高,T1其次,T3最低。并用Logistic修正模型对叶面积指数、地上干物质量和有效积温的关系进行模拟,理论值和实测值无显著性差异,且滴灌毛管布置方式对生物量增长趋势的影响不显著。在此基础上,建立了该地区不同滴灌毛管布置的葡萄叶面积指数和地上干物质量增长模型,有助于通过气象资料来直接推测地上干物质量并及时掌握干物质量的累积情况,为田间管理提供参考。

In this study,the experiments of 4 layout styles of drip irrigation in the Turpan-Hami Basin were carried out so as to understand the effects of drip irrigation on grape （ seedless white） growth and yield and provide the theoretical basis for grape water-saving irrigation in arid area. The traditional furrow irrigation was taken as the contrast,and the soil moisture content, leaf area index, aboveground biomass of grape were analyzed. The results showed that the distribution of soil moisture content for T2 was uniform, it achieved the field capacity in the main rhizosphere, the whole rhizosphere was moist, and the moisture content in topsoil was low, thus the soil evaporation was reduced. The distribution of soil moisture content for T3 was not uniform, the soil moisture content in rhizosphere was lower than the field capacity, and the rhizosphere could not be completely wetted. Thus, T2 was the most appropriate layout style for grape irrigation in such extremely arid area. Moreover, the leaf area index and the dry biomass of grape were in an order of T2 〉 T1 〉 T4 〉 T3. There was no significant difference between theoretical and measured values when the logistic model was used to simulate the relationship between leaf area index and accumulated temperature, and there was a high linear correlation between the theoretical values and the measured values of net dry biomass of grape.