广东山地丘陵地带狮雄山遗址秦汉时期植物遗存分析

Study on plant remains from the Shixiongshan site of Qin-Han Dynasties in hilly area of Guangdong Province

由于文献资料和考古资料的不足，对于广东山地丘陵地带秦汉时期的农业状况了解甚少。在广东五华县西北部狮雄山遗址的第五次发掘过程中发现的秦汉城址被认为是定楬县县治所在，7个AMS 14C测年数据显示该城址的年代为秦汉时期，与发掘者的判断年代一致。本文通过研究遗址灰坑中浮选出的植物大遗存以及石器表面残留的淀粉粒微体遗存，分析了狮雄山遗址的植物利用状况，为研究秦汉时期广东山地丘陵地带农业状况提供了新的材料。从灰坑H22中，鉴定出包含粟（Setaria italica）、粳稻（Oryza sativa subsp.japonica）、籼稻（Oryza sativa subsp.indica）、小麦（Triticum aestivum）、大豆（Glycine max）、赤豆（Vigna angularis），以及一些水果、蔬菜、调料或者药材的植物炭化种子；在淀粉粒残留物中，除少量粟类和麦类的淀粉粒外，还提取出大量块根块茎类淀粉粒。这些植物遗存反映了秦汉时期当地植物利用的多样性，其中浮选出的籼稻也为其在中国境内的传播提供了新的材料。综合分析植物大遗存以及淀粉粒微体遗存，我们认为秦汉时期狮雄山遗址存在包括了稻作农业、旱作农业和园圃农业的多种经济形态，这种多种经济结构并存的混合生计模式既反映了先民对已有文化传统的传承，也反映了对当地自然环境的适应。

The fifth excavation of Shixiongshan site（24°02＇45＂N, 115°37＇10＂E） in Wuhua County in 2011 was carried out, and the features and remains indicate that it was the capital of Dingjie County of Qin Dynasty.The results of AMS 14C dating on 7 samples of carbonized seeds and charcoals from different relics indicated that this site was formed during Qin and Han Dynasties.Here we report the identification of carbonized seeds floated from the pit H22 and starch grains retrieved from residues on 6 stone tools excavated from the Shixiongshan site to understand the plant subsistence strategy in Guangdong Province during the Dynasties of Qin and Han.Pit H22, a typical feature during early Qin-Han Dynasties, was chosen for flotation work during excavation, while 6 stone tools were selected for starch grain analysis in this study.A large number of charred seeds were floated from the pit H22, including millet （Setaria italica）, rice （Oryza saliva subsp.japonica and Oryza sativa subsp.indica）, wheat （Triticum aestivum）, soybean （Glycine max）, adzuki beans （Vigna angularis）, and some fruits and plants which may be used as vegetables, seasoning or medicine.Abundant of starch grains from the roots and tubers were recovered from the residues on the stone tools, as well as millets（Setaria and Panicum）and tribe Trticeae from which the wheat and barley belong to.Our results reflect the diversity of the local plant utilization during that period, while two charred seeds from indica rice provide new materials for its spread eastwards in China after it was domesticated 4000 years ago in India.Our study demonstrates that the economic patterns were diverse in Shixiongshan site during Qin and Han Dynasties, which included rice farming, dry farming and horticulture.This kind of mixed subsistence strategy was possibly resulted from both the adaption to local environments and cultural transmission of agriculture.