不同有机酿热物对日光温室土壤环境、葡萄产量及品质的影响

Effects of different organic substances on soil environment, grape yield and quality in solar greenhouse

【目的】改善冬季日光温室葡萄促早栽培所需的地温。【方法】在冬季日光温室葡萄休眠结束前,行间应用不同有机酿热物(玉米秸秆、稻草秸秆、羊粪)反应堆,测定不同有机酿热物处理下的地温、土壤环境、葡萄物候期、产量和品质等指标。【结果】与对照相比,玉米秸秆+羊粪处理在土壤深度20、30 cm的地温分别提高2.3、2.4℃,土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量和微生物数量均有显著提高,同时有效促进了葡萄生长,成熟期提前10 d,产量提高23%,品质得到明显改善。【结论】在日光温室葡萄促早栽培中,应用玉米秸秆+羊粪反应堆的综合效应最好。

【Objective】Grape is a kind of popular deciduous fruit tree growing in solar greenhouse in Northern China for promoting fruit ripening. Proper temperature and good condition of soil around the root system of grape after dormancy are essentially important for speeding up vine growth and fruit development. During the winter the air temperature in the greenhouse is usually rising up quickly and the soil temperature is rising slowly. Lower temperature in the soil is not favorable for bud germination. Use of organic substances in the soil is usually belived beneficial for increasing soil temperature. Corn straw, rice straw and sheep manure are used in the study as materials to select proper organic substances for grape cultivation in the greenhouse.【Methods】Six treatments of organic substances were designed and performed as follows： T1： corn straw plus sheep manure, T2： corn straw, T3： rice straw plus sheep manure, T4： rice straw, T5： sheep manure、control（no organic substance）,dosage of T1, T3 treatment： corn straw, rice straw,sheep manure was two tones per six hundred and sixty-seven square meters, dosage of T2, T4, T5 treatment was four tones per six hundred and sixty-seven square meters, dosage of fermentation bacteria strain and bran was ten kilograms per six hundred and sixty-seven square meters. Each treatment were repeated3 times, each treatment incuded 4 trenches. There was a blank trench between two treatments to avoid marginal effects. The trench was in the middle of two adjacent rows, and was 60 cm wide and 30 cm deep The soil temperature was monitored by probes of temperature recorder. The content of soil organic matter,total nitrogen, total phosphorus, alkali-hydrolyzed N content, available P, and the quantity of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes in soil were detected. The phonological phase of the grape including germination period, early flowering, full flowering, end of flowering, fruit color-changing period, fruit ripening period were recorded, and the vine growth, fruit quality and yield were investigated.【Results】Compared with the control, different treatments of organic substances increased the soil temperature at different levels. T1 treatment most obviously increased the soil temperature by 2.3 ℃ and 2.4 ℃ at depths of 20 cm and 30 cm in the soil, followed by T2, T3, T4, T5 and CK. T1 treatment increased soil organic matter, total nitrogen, alkali- hydrolyzed N content, available phosphorus, available potassium content by 61.23%,109.09%, 85.27%, 92.37%, 83.33%, the highest total phosphorus content in the soil was found in T2,50% higher than that of the control. The number of bacteria, actinomycete and fungi in the soil treated with T1 was the highest, which was 2.79 times, 2.18 times and 1.35 times as high as that of the control.Different treatments promoted bud germination by 3 to 6 d, the beginning of flowering by 2 to 10 d, fruit ripening by 3-10 d. T1 treatment showed the best performance, chlorophyll SPAD content was the highest, leaf area was 19.11% higher than that of control. The single berry masses treated with T1, T2, T3 were13.37%, 11.35%, 8.99% higher than that of the control. The yield of grape treated with T1 reached 666.7m2711.04 kg, 23.17% higher than that of the control. Soluble solids content and sugar acid ratio of berries treated with T1 treatment were 17.45% and 38.77% higher than that of control respectively, and the content of titration acid of berries treated with T1 decreased by 18.87%【.Conclusion】Compared with the control, different organic substances could effectively improve the soil temperature, soil nutrient content and microorganism quantity, and as a result, promote vine growth, increase fruit yield, improve quality, and speed up fruit mature. Compared with other treatment, the corn straw plus sheep manure was the most effective treatment for grape cultivation in the greenhouse.