感生、异表和胁生——由纬书及相关文献看西汉时期佛教对中土的影响

Heaven-Induced Life, Miraculous Appearance and Being Born from the Rib:Influence of Buddhism in Western Han as Reflected in Weishu and Related Documents

汉代纬书及相关文献所见以孔子为代表的感生神话之因梦感生、出生预言、神女沐浴等情节,在先秦文献所载感生神话中均未曾出现,它们当是接受了佛教关于释迦诞生神话的影响。渊源于汉代纬书的孔子四十九种异表的记述,借鉴了佛教所传释迦的形象。上博简《子羔》中所记述的禹和契的胁生神话属于将感生、瑞征式胁生和"生而能言"三者密切结合的文本,这与佛教释迦感生神话的模式完全相同,而与西汉及稍前文献所见胁生神话之事实叙述和凶兆叙述大不相同,它极可能是受到纬书与印度佛教思想影响而写定的文本。这些事实证明,早在西汉中后期,佛教思想已经开始对中土产生局部的影响。纬书及相关文献对佛教思想资源的借用,其目的是服务于汉代的神学政治。

Heaven-induced life, birth prophecy, and goddess bathing in heaven-induced lives myths of Confucius in Weishu of Han Dynasty and related documents, which do not appear in the Pre-Qin period, must have been influenced by the heaven-induced life myths of Budda. The forty-nine kinds of miraculous appearance of Confucius from Weishu in Han Dynasty are borrowed from Buddha image in Buddhist documents. Being born from the rib Myths of Yu and Xie in Zi Gao bamboo text preserved in Shanghai Museum, is a text integrating heaven-induced lives, auspicious type of being bom from the rib, and being able to speak at birth, which is almost identical to the heaven-induced life myths of Budda, and completely different from the factual or ominous narration in the text in Western Han Dynasty and the Pre-Qin period. Therefore, Zi Gao is very likely to have been influenced by both Weishu and Indian Buddhism. These facts prove that, as early as the late Western Han Dynasty, Buddhist thought has begun to have a local influence on China. To serve the political theology of the Han Dynasty, Weishu and related documents borrow these thoughts from Buddhism.