碳排放交易中配额无偿分配的制度构建

Construction of Free Allowance Allocation System in Emission Trading Scheme

无偿分配是碳排放交易制度实施初期广泛采用的配额初始分配方式。由于过渡期的产业竞争力保护和碳泄漏的存在,无偿分配方式与有偿分配相比具有其内在必要性。无偿分配在实施过程中分为历史排放法和基准法两个大类,前者操作程序简单但分配公平性存在缺陷,后者有利于减排激励作用的发挥,但复杂的设计流程往往导致了较高的实施成本。政策制定者在应用无偿分配的过程中,可以考虑优先采用历史排放法,并逐步实现向基准法的过渡。

Free allocation is the main initial allowance allocation method extensively used in the early period of Emission Trading System. Compared with allowance auction or sales,free allocation is badly needed owing to necessity for protection of industry competition during transitional period and existence of carbon leakage. Grandfathering and benchmarking are two main ways composing of free allocation rules,the former of which is easy in application but unequal in distribution,while the latter plays important roles in stimulation of emission reduction but brings higher administrative cost because of complication. In process of free allocation,policymaker often takes priority to adopt grandfathering method,and transits to benchmarking gradually.