牛樟叶精油化学成分分析及类型划分研究

A Study on the Chemical Components in Essential Oil from Leaves of Cinnamomum kanehirae and Chemotype Divisions

从5年生实生牛樟植株上采集叶样,水蒸汽蒸馏法提取牛樟叶挥发性精油,采用GC-MS技术对叶精油中的化学成分进行定性、定量分析。按叶精油中第一主成分进行化学类型划分,牛樟可初步划分为4种类型:桉叶油素型、异橙花叔醇型、芳樟醇型和肉豆蔻醛型。不同化学类型叶精油化学成分组成及得率均存在较大差异,异橙花叔醇型牛樟叶精油中特有化学成分共13种,桉叶油素型牛樟叶精油中特有化学成分共2种,芳樟醇型牛樟叶精油中特有化学成分共2种,肉豆蔻醛型牛樟叶精油中特有化学成分为1种,4种化学类型精油中所共有的化学成分共12种。叶精油中第一主成分平均含量大小依次排序为:芳樟醇型(68.71%)、桉叶油素型(57.38%)、异橙花叔醇型(37.91%)、肉豆蔻醛型(33.75%);4种化学类型叶精油平均得率大小依次排序为:桉叶油素型(1.28%)、异橙花叔醇型(0.19%)、芳樟醇型(0.04%)、肉豆蔻醛型(0.01%)。牛樟中的桉叶油素型与樟树中的油樟类型相似,牛樟的异橙花叔醇型与樟树的异樟类型相似,牛樟的芳樟醇型与樟树的芳樟类型相似。不同的是,牛樟有一种肉豆蔻醛型化学类型,而樟树有龙脑樟和脑樟类型。但总体而言,牛樟与樟树相似化学类型叶中的精油含量,前者普遍低于后者。

Essential oil from leaves of 5- year old Cinnamomum kanehirae seedlings were extracted by steam distillation method.The chemical components and contents of the essential oil were analyzed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.Based on the first principal component of essential oil the chemotype of the tree was preliminary divided into 4 types： eucalyptol type,iso-nerolidol type,linalool type and tetradecanal type.The chemical components and yields of essential oil were significant different from each other.13 specific chemical components were in the essential oil from the leaves of the iso-nerolidol type,2 specific chemical components were in the essential oil from the leaves of the eucalyptol type,2 specific chemical components were in the essential oil from the leaves of the linalool type,1 specific chemical component was in the essential oil from the leaves of the tetradecanal type,12 common chemical components were in the essential oil from the leaves of all the 4 types.The average contents of first principal component from the leaves of the 4 types was in the order： linalool type（ 68.71%）,eucalyptol type（ 57.38%）,iso-nerolidol type（ 37.91%）,tetradecanal type（ 33.75%）,the average essential oil yields from the leaves of the 4 types was in the order： eucalyptol type（ 1.28%）,iso-nerolidol type（ 0.19%）,linalool type（ 0.04%）,tetradecanal type（ 0.01%）.The chemotypes of the essential oil in the eucalyptol type,the iso-nerolidol type and the linalool type of Cinnamomum kanehirae were similar to those of Cinnamomum camphora. With a difference,there was tetradecanal type in Cinnamomum kanehirae,and there were borneol type and camphor type in Cinnamomum camphora. But overall,the essential oil yield of leaves from Cinnamomum kanehirae was lower than that from Cinnamomum camphora.