中国农村贫困标准与贫困监测

Rural Poverty Lines and Poverty Monitoring in China

贫困标准是贫困测量的重要基础,准确测量和反映中国农村贫困状况首先需要对国家农村贫困标准测算方法及其代表的实际生活水平有一个清晰准确的判断。为此,本文首先全面梳理了国家农村贫困标准的测算与调整方法,采用纵向历史比较与横向国际比较相结合的方式,深入分析了当前国家农村贫困标准所代表的实际生活水平,以及现行国家农村贫困标准与我国扶贫历史实践中采用过的另外两个贫困标准和世界银行提出的国际贫困标准的差异。然后简要介绍了农村贫困监测体系,并对按照现行国家农村贫困标准衡量的减贫成果和多维贫困缓解情况进行了量化分析。本文主要结论如下:第一,现行国家农村贫困标准符合我国国情和当前发展阶段,是与"两不愁、三保障"相结合的基础上达到稳定温饱要求的标准。第二,按现行国家农村贫困标准测算,改革开放以来我国脱贫成就显著,全国农村贫困人口减少7亿多人。第三,近年来,我国农村脱贫步伐进一步加快,扶贫成效非常显著。全国和贫困地区农村贫困人口大幅下降;贫困地区农村居民人均可支配收入增长快于全国农村平均水平;全国和贫困地区农村居民生活条件、基础设施和基本公共服务不断改善。最后,在扶贫实践中,经常会涉及国家标准与地方标准、单一标准与多维标准、贫困监测抽样调查数据与建档立卡数据之间的关系,需要有清晰的认识,并加以妥善处理。本文中使用的数据主要来源于中国住户调查和国家农村贫困监测调查。

Poverty line is of great importance in poverty measurement. Before exactly analyzing on poverty conditions in rural China, it is necessary to have full understanding of the measurement approach and the relevant living standard indentified by the national poverty lines for rural residents. In this paper it first studies the rural poverty measurement approach and poverty line update method, analyzes the real living standard identified by the current national poverty line for rural residents, and compares with the other two national poverty lines adopted in China in the past and the current international poverty lines raised by the World Bank. Then it gives a brief introduction to the poverty monitoring system and makes a quantitative analysis of the poverty reduction achievements and multidimensional poverty alleviation achievements in rural China. It finds that： 1 ） Suited to the national conditions and development stage of China, the current national poverty line for rural residents is in line with a stable living standard taking the requirements of ＂ enough food, enough clothing, and adequate compulsory education, safe housing and medical services＂ into consideration. 2） Based on this poverty line, China has made huge achievements in poverty reduction ever since 1978. The poverty-stricken rural population in China decreased by more than 700 million from 1978 to 2015. 3） In recent years, poverty reduction speeded up with prominent achievements in China. The poverty-stricken rural population has declined significantly in both China＇ s rural areas and poor areas. The per capita income for rural residents in poor areas has increased faster than the rural average level. The living situations and public infrastructures and services have improved gradually in both China＇ s rural areas and poor areas. 4） In practice, it should fully understand and carefully deal with some relationships, such as the relationship between national line and local line, that between single standard and multidimensional standard, and that between the sample survey data for poverty monitoring and the administrative record for poverty registering. The statistical information in this paper is mainly based on national household surveys and rural poverty monitoring survey in China.