第三人单方自愿履行的中德比较研究

Comparative Study of China and German in the Third Party's Voluntary and Unilateral Fulfillment

我国《合同法》对于与第三人有关的清偿制度规范得过于笼统,并未对第三人代为清偿进行规定,导致实践中对第三人代为清偿与由第三人履行的合同、债务承担、保证等制度区分混乱。我国要改善上述混乱境况,可借鉴德国民法典。第一,对第三人履行的前提、内容、后果都做明确规定;第二,对债务人有异议的第三方自愿履行,若债权人不拒绝,债务亦得消灭;第三,第三人有赠与目的的第三方自愿履行中,根据第三人与债务人是否有赠与合意,分情况处理。

Discharging system about the third party in Contract law of PRC is too simple and general. And there is no relevant provisions about substituted performing by the third party, making it difficult to differentiate it with assumed liability and guarantee system. We can draw lessons from the Germany civil law to improve the confusion. Firstly, stipulate explicitly about content and consequences; Secondly, when the debtor has objections, the debt can be attacked if the creditors don＇t refuse; Thirdly, when the third party want to do a favor, we need to make a distinction according to the third party has agreement with the debtor or not.