圩田景观:荷兰低地的风景园林

Polderscapes: The Landscape Architecture of the Dutch Lowlands

荷兰低地大部分都是圩田,人们通过人工控制水位,可以在圩田中工作和生活。人与水之间数百年来此消彼长的相互作用孕育了丰富多样的圩田景观。地质上底层土壤的差异、水与土的动态变化以及人类干预过程生成了种类繁多的圩田形式。本研究从风景园林的视角系统地探索了荷兰圩田景观形态塑造的成就,并将其视觉化呈现。圩田,不仅仅可以看作水力学现象的产物,同时也是空间结构和文化表达的结果:圩田景观不仅仅可观、可游,同时反映了荷兰文化。通过探索圩田景观形态,我们可以"解读"荷兰低地的场地精神,以便获取其后隐藏的信息及设计知识,并成为下一步发展的线索。本研究分两个阶段分析了圩田景观的风景园林化形式,并借助系统分析和制图的方式呈现了圩田景观的共通点和差异性。首先,调研所有圩田并进行数字化,得到第一张系统化的荷兰圩田地图。而地理信息系统(GIS)的运用不仅仅保证了精确度,也为使得将信息融入地图并组建空间数据库成为可能。在第二个阶段,进一步研究圩田这一低地基本景观单元。通过对选定的不同圩田类型(海岸黏土圩田、河流圩田、湖床圩田、和泥炭土圩田)的实例进行形态学分析,列举并解读每一种圩田类型的特征。截至目前,圩田景观的研究大多基于自然和历史地理学角度,而上述分析使得人们可以触及圩田景观的空间设计法则,并得到这类景观保护和转型的线索。

The Dutch lowlands consist mainly of polders, areas where water tevels are artificially controlled so people can live and work there. This centuries-old interaction between man and water has produced a rich polder landscape. The great variety in polder forms is caused by differences in the geological subsoil, the dynamics of water and land and human intervention. This research systematically explores and visualizes the wealth in shapes of the Dutch polder landscape from a landscape architecture perspective. Polders are not just regarded as hydraulic phenomena but also as spatial constructions and cultural expressions： the polder landscape as one can see and experience it, and also as an expression of Dutch culture. Through exploring the morphology of the polder landscape the genius loci of the Dutch lowlands can be ＇read＇ in order to retrieve the information and design knowledge that lies hidden within it, as clues for further development. In this research the landscape architectonic form of the polder landscape is analyzed in two stages revealing its cohesion and variety through systematic analysis and cartography. First, all polders are surveyed and digitized resulting in the first systematic polder map of the Netherlands. The use of Geographic information Systems （GIS） not only ensured precision work, but also made it possible to link information to the map, turning it into a spatial database. Second, the polder as the elementary landscape unit of the lowlands is further explored. In a morphological analysis of selected examples the characteristics of the different polder types （sea clay polders, river polders, lake bed polders and peat polders） are enumerated and interpreted typologically. An analysis of this sort makes the polder landscape, which until now has been discussed only in physical and historical-geographical terms, accessible for spatial design disciplines while providing clues for preservation and transformation.