轻型颅脑创伤患者病情加重的回顾性研究

Retrospective study on neurological deterioration after mild traumatic brain injury

目的：探讨轻型颅脑创伤患者病情加重的原因、时间过程、预测因素和治疗结果。方法搜集254例符合条件的轻型颅脑创伤患者的临床资料，采用单因素分析及Logistic回归分析的方法，分析病情加重的预测因素，比较病情加重患者与无病情加重患者的近期疗效。结果254例患者中36例病情加重，发生率为14.2%；33例（91.7%，33/36）病情加重的原因为颅内原因，其中最多见的是颅内血肿增大（44.4%，16/36）。36例病情加重患者从入院至病情加重的时间是（0.5～59.0）h。30例（83.3%，30/36）发生在入院24 h内。单因素分析结果表明，危险受伤机制、伤后有意识丧失、伤后出现剧烈头痛、伤后出现1次以上呕吐、受伤至首次CT检查的时间、入院时格拉斯哥昏迷量表（GCS）评分、颅底骨折、入院时血凝检查结果异常、饮酒嗜好是轻型颅脑创伤患者病情加重的预测因素（P＜0.05或＜0.01）。Logistic回归分析结果表明，受伤至首次CT检查的时间（P＝0.000，OR＝0.169，95%可信区间：0.083～0.344）、入院时GCS评分（P＝0.004，OR＝0.355，95%可信区间：0.175～0.721）、入院时血凝检查结果异常（P＝0.001，OR＝0.077，95%可信区间：0.017～0.354）为轻型颅脑创伤患者病情加重的独立预测因素。无病情加重组出院时的治疗结果均为良好，病情加重组出院时良好30例，轻残4例，重残1例，死亡1例，两组治疗结果比较差异有统计学意义（Z＝-6.088，P＝0.000）。结论轻型颅脑创伤患者病情加重的原因大多为颅内原因，且多发生在入院后24 h内。病情加重的独立预测因素有受伤至首次CT检查的时间、入院时GCS评分和入院时血凝检查结果异常。病情加重会对轻型颅脑创伤患者的近期疗效造成不利影响。

Objective To study the causes, temporal courses, predictors and outcomes of delayed neurological deterioration （DND） after mild traumatic brain injury. Methods In a cohort of 254 patients, the incidence, causes and temporal courses of DND after mild traumatic brain injury were summed up. Univariate and multivariate （Logistic regression） analysis were performed to assess the predictors of DND. The short-term outcomes were compared between patients with and without DND. Results DND occurred in 14.2% （36/254） of the 254 patients. Intracranial causes of DND such as hematoma growth were observed in 91.7%（33/36） of patients with DND. The interval from arrival to DND was 0.5- 59.0 h. Thirty patients （83.3%, 30/36） deteriorated within 24 h. The univariate analysis revealed that dangerous injury mechanism, loss of consciousness, severe headache, more than 1 time vomiting, interval from injury to first CT scanning, first Glasgow coma scale （GCS） scores, basal skull fracture, hypocoagulability, heavy alcohol consumption were the predict factors for DND （P〈0.05 or〈0.01）. The multivariate analysis revealed that interval from injury to first CT scanning （P=0.000, OR=0.169, 95% CI： 0.083- 0.344）, first GCS scores （P = 0.004, OR = 0.355, 95%CI： 0.175- 0.721） and hypocoagulability （P=0.001, OR=0.077, 95%CI：0.017-0.354） were the independent predict factors for DND. All of the patients without DND recovered better. But in the patients with DND, 30 patients recovered better, 4 patients had slight disability, 1 patient had severe disability, and 1 patient died. The treatment outcome between two groups had significant difference （Z =-6.088, P = 0.000）. Conclusions The causes of DND are mostly intracranial. Most patients deteriorat within 24 h. The interval from injury to first CT scanning, first GCS scores and hypocoagulability appear to be independent predictors of DND. DND is associated with poor short-term outcomes.