从“封”与“授”的四次转化看唐与东突厥关系之嬗变

The Evolution of the Relationship between the Tang and the Turks from Perspective of the Four Stages of Title Conferring and Official Rank Granting

唐初,东突厥是唐朝边疆经略的重点。由唐对东突厥册封与授官的四次转化,可以看出双方关系的变化。唐高祖时期东突厥强势,唐与东突厥从无封授发展到虚封;唐太宗灭亡东突厥汗国后,将虚封突厥转化为实职授官,这是唐与东突厥封授关系的重大转变;将突厥回迁后,为了提高其首领威望,唐太宗又将授官转化为册封;贞观末年突厥余众叛乱后,册封被迫转化为授官,突厥首领思摩被正式纳入唐朝中央官制系统。在这四次转化过程中,封与授、封授级别、封授性质、封授目的、封授后的结果都不相同。封授是衡量唐与东突厥关系发展的重要标志。

At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty,the Turks became the focus of frontier management. The evolution of the relationship between Tang and the Turks can be observed from the four stages of title conferring and official rank granting. The Turks was strong during Tang Gaozu period, the relationship between the two sides developed from no title conferring to virtual title conferring. Tang Taizong defeated the Turks and virtual title conferring was transformed to substantive official rank granting,which was a major shift in the relationship between Tang and the Turks. Then the Turks was moved back,and substantive official rank granting was transformed to title conferring in order to improve Turki leader's prestige. When Turks rebelled at the end of Zhen-guan years,title conferring was changed into official rank granting forcedly,the Turki leader Simo was formally incorporated into the central official system of the Tang dynasty. In the four stages,the title name,rank level,nature,aim and results were different. As can be seen,the title conferring and rank granting were important symbol to measure the development of relationship between the Tang and the Turks