泾惠渠灌区不同水氮供应对冬小麦氮素吸收运转的影响

Effects of water and nitrogen supply on nitrogen absorption and translocation of winter wheat in Jinghui canal irrigation region

【目的】研究泾惠渠灌区不同水氮供应对冬小麦植株氮素吸收运转的影响,为泾惠渠灌区提供合理的灌水施肥运筹方式。【方法】在泾惠渠灌区,通过田间小区试验研究不同灌水(W_(90)和W_(120),即灌水定额为90和120mm)和施氮(底肥60和120kg/hm^2,追肥0,60和120kg/hm^2,即施氮的底追肥处理组合为N_(60/0),N_(60/60),N_(60/120);N_(120/0),N_(120/60),N_(120/120))对冬小麦籽粒产量、各部位氮素积累量、氮素利用效率等的影响。【结果】除净积累量对籽粒氮的贡献率及氮素收获指数外,灌水和施氮对冬小麦籽粒产量、各器官氮素积累量、氮素转移量、氮素利用效率、氮肥农学利用效率均有显著影响。低水处理(W_(90))的籽粒产量、氮素积累量、氮肥农学利用效率显著高于高水处理(W120),其中产量增幅为4.88%~7.44%,植株氮素积累量增幅为6.15%~18.66%,氮肥农学利用效率增幅为19.48%~35.94%。随施氮量的增加,冬小麦籽粒产量、氮素积累量均呈显著增长趋势,其中籽粒产量表现为N_(0/0)(5 653.68kg/hm^2)<N_(60/0)(6 777.71kg/hm^2)<N_(60/60),N_(120/0)(7 165.63kg/hm^2)<N_(60/120),N_(120/60)(7 376.92kg/hm^2)<N_(120/120)(7 659.88kg/hm^2);氮素积累量表现为N_(0/0)(188.97kg/hm^2)<N_(60/0)(229.49kg/hm^2)<N_(60/60),N_(120/0)(275.23kg/hm^2)<N_(60/120),N_(120/60)(310.00kg/hm^2)<N_(120/120)(327.40kg/hm^2);当施氮量过高时,继续增加施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素积累量的调节作用不显著。总施氮量相同的条件下,适当提高追肥的施氮比例,有利于提高产量、各器官氮素积累量及各营养器官氮素转移量,其中N_(60/60)与N_(120/0)处理相比,W_(90)和W_(120)灌水水平下籽粒产量分别提高3.92%和4.44%,各器官氮素积累量提高11.43%~27.99%,各营养器官转移量提高18.37%~71.81%;N_(60/120)与N_(120/60)处理相比,各营养器官转移量提高15.06%~39.63%。【结论】综合考虑籽粒产量、氮肥农学利用效率和氮素利用效率等因素,灌水定额为90mm、底肥施氮量60kg/hm^2、追肥施氮量120kg/hm^2,即W_(90)N_(60/120)为本试验条件下泾惠渠灌区冬小麦的最佳水氮组合。

[Objective] The paper investigated the sorption and translocation of winter wheat to provide effects of water and nitrogen supply on nitrogen absuitable irrigation and fertilization method in Jinghui canal irrigation area. [Method] The treatment was conducted in Jinghui canal irrigation region with field plot experiments conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation levels （W90,90 mm; W120,120 mm） and fertilization levels （basal dressing fertilizer： 60 kg/hm^2, 120 kg/hm^2 ; top dressing fertilizer. 0 kg/hm^2 ,60 kg/hm^2 ,120 kg/hm^2 ,i. e. N60/0 ,N60/60 ,N60/120 ;N120/0 ,N120/60 and N120/120） on yield,nitrogen accumulation of different parts and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat. [Result] Except for the nitrogen absorption contribution rate and nitrogen harvest index, both irrigation and nitrogen fertilization had signif- icant effect on yield, nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen transfer amount, nitrogen use efficiency and agronomic nitrogen efficiency. Compared with irrigation treatment of 120 mm,yield and nitrogen accumulation and agronomic nitrogen efficiency of 90 mm treatment under the same nitrogen fertilizer level were increased significantly by 4.88%-7.44% ,6. 15%-18.66% and 19.48%-35.94% ,respectively. With the increase of nitrogen supply, yield and nitrogen accumulation increased significantly. Relationships between yields were No/o （5 653. 68 kg/hm^2 ） 〈 N60/0 （6 777. 71 kg/hm^2 ） % N60/60, N120/0 （7 165. 63 kg/hm^2 ） 〈 N60/120, N120/60 （7 376.92 kg/hm^2） （ N120/120（7 659.88 kg/hm^2） ,while between nitrogen accumulation were N0/0 （188.97 kg/hm^2）〈N60/0 （229. 49 kg/hm^2 ） 〈 N60/60, N120/0 （275. 23 kg/hm^2 ） 〈 N60/120, N120/60 （310. 00 kg/hm^2 ） 〈 N120/120 （327.40 kg/hm^2 ）. With a high level of nitrogen supply, increasing nitrogen supply had no significant effects on nitrogen accumulation and yield. Increasing the without changing total amount was conducive to increase proportion of top dressing fertilizer appropriately yield, nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen transfer amount of different organs. Compared with N120/0 ,the yields of N60/60 increased by 3.92^ （W90） and 4.44% （W120） ,nitrogen accumulation of different vegetative organs of N60/60 increased by 11.43%--27.99% ,and nitrogen transfer amount of different vegetative organs of N60/60 increased by 18.37%-71.81 %;Compared with N120/60, nitrogen transfer amount of different vegetative organs of N60/120 increased by 15. 06%- 39.63%. [Conclusion] Considering yield, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency, the treatment with irrigation of 90 mm,basal dressing fertilizer of 60 kg/hm^2 and top dressing fertilizer of 120 kg/hm^2 （W90N60/120） were the optimal choice for Jinghui canal irrigation region.