言语语境与语境实在

Speech Context and Contextual Reality

塞尔的言语行为理论强调以言表意行为和以言行事行为的统一性,哈贝马斯继承并创新了这种观点,提出了以"语言有效性要求"为要件、以话语交流双方理解为目的的语言交往理论。这两种观点都认为语境是话语交流的基底,在语境中才能判断话语交流的真实性和顺畅程度。塞尔重视话语当前的交往和交往中人的意向性,因此他的语境是言语语境;哈贝马斯语言交往理论的目的是追求"社会合理化",因此他的语境是一种广义的语境,除言语语境之外还包括了社会语境、实践语境等,可称之为语境实在。

Searle＇ s speech act theory emphasizes the unity of the locutionary and illocutionary acts. Habermas inno- vates it and puts forward his communication theory, which focuses on the ＂effective language requirements for ele- ments of discourse＂ and takes the mutual understanding as its target. Both of the two views take context as an im- portant role in discourse communication and insist that only in the context can the authenticity and smoothness of communication be well understood. Searle focuses on the immediacy and intentionality in discourse communication, so in his context is the context of speech. Habermas＇ communication theory aims at ＂social rationalization＂, so his context is a generalized one, which includes not only the linguistic context, but also the social context, and practi- cal context, which can be called contextual reality.