朱熹的易学推类方法论探析

On the Changes-oriented Analogical Methodology Used by Zhu Xi

朱熹易学造诣深厚,其易学逻辑思想主要是围绕"类"而展开的。首先,他将"类族辨物"看作是一种逻辑方法,通过"稽类"来获得关于事物类同与类异的认识;其次,他将易看作是"假借虚设"之辞,认为易之道理是"悬空"、"假托"之说,把类思维同事物之义理相结合,重视对"道理"的考察;在推理的过程中,朱熹还强调"理不走作",运用辩证的思维,权正取舍,以确保推理的有效进行;最后,他将"依类而推"的易学逻辑推理原则发展成为"稽实待虚"的逻辑推理理论,丰富了易学推理理论。总之,朱熹一生著述丰硕,他的易学推类思想在易学逻辑思想史上占有重要地位。

Zhu Xi （1130-1200） was well versed in Changes scholarship and his Changes-oriented thought of logic was mainly unfolded around lei （lit., kind）. First, he viewed ＂discriminating things according to kinds＂ as a logical method by which one can obtain the similarities and differences of ＂kinds＂; second, he averred that the Changes was made up of ＂nominal＂ and ＂pretended＂ words, considered the Dao （Way） and li （principle） of the Changes were ＂pretexts＂ ＂hanging in the air＂, and combined analogical thinking with meanings and principles of things by which the Dao （Way） and li （principle） were high- lighted; third, in the course of reasoning, Zhu Xi stressed that ＂reasoning ought not to go out of form＂ and applied dialectical thinking in order to guarantee the validity of reasoning; finally, he developed the ＂analogical reasoning＂ principle of Changes scholarship to the logical theory of ji shi dai xu （coping with and deducing the variety of things and events of the future by the Substantial Principle）, which enriched reasoning theories of Changes scholarship. In short, Zhu Xi contributed a lot of works in his life and his thought of reasoning occupies an important position in the history of logical thought of Changes scholarship.