认知表达式与盖提尔论题

Cognitive Expressions and Gattier Problem

句子是表达的基本单位,基于简单句可以构造复合句,由此使语言表达形成不同的层次。层次不同,可以形成意义的不同,更主要的还是造成句子真假的不同。"知道"、"相信"这一类表达式本身是谓词,可以作谓词,构造简单句,但是也可以附加在句子上,构成认知句。认知词使认知句中子句的语境发生变化,从而使认知句的真之条件复杂化。著名的盖提尔论题比较典型地反映了与此相关的问题。认识认知句的真之条件,不仅有助于我们认识这一类句式的特征和意义,而且有助于相关的哲学讨论,包括认识盖提尔论述可能会涉及的诸种问题。

A simple sentence is a basic unit expressing ideas and a complex sentence can be made by simple sentences.Hence there are in our language expressions some different levels,which will make effects not only on the sense of sentences,but also on their truth and falsity.The cognitive expressions such as ‘know＇and ‘believe＇can play a role in building simple sentences as they are predicates themselves,but also can be added to a sentence,playing a role in building cognitive sentences.The cognitive expressions might change the context in which a sentence occurs and therefore make the truth condition of a cognitive sentence more complicated.Taking Gattier problem as an example,this paper will show how to realize the truth conditions of cognitive sentences and how to deal with problems involved in the discussions about Gattier problem.