美的三个层次:张竞生乌托邦建构中的美学内涵

Three Levels of Beauty: the Aesthetic Connotation in Zhang Jingsheng's Utopian Construction

从思想史的脉络,结合张竞生1920年代提出的乌托邦理念,才能理解张竞生的美学思想。张竞生的乌托邦理念集中体现在他的《美的人生观》和《美的社会组织法》两书中。前者主要谈构建乌托邦的理念与方法,后者主要讨论建构后的乌托邦社会组织及生活形式。从美的思想辨析来看,两者兼而有之,但前者更能体现思想史的痕迹。《美的人生观》不仅对美的思想进行了深入讨论,同时对人生观问题也进行了系统回答。而对人生观问题的回答,则是对1920年代思想史上的重要事件——科玄论争的积极回应。该书不仅在认识人生观的方法上推进了科玄论争,而且在人生观的目的和方向上建构了一套方案,实质性推进了科玄论争。在此基础之上,张竞生的美学思想显示出其独特性。从认识方法来说,美不是与科学、哲学等认识方法相互平行的方法,而是包括并超越了科学、哲学方法的艺术方法。从美对物质生活与精神生活的融合角度来说,张竞生的美学既有可以完全实践的物质框架,同时亦有对其物化可能潜在抵抗的精神层面。而从人生目的来看,美变成一种最终极的理念,超越了真善。

Zhang Jingsheng＇s aesthetic ideas can be understood from the development of ideological history and his proposal of Utopian concepts in the 1920 s which find best expression in two of his books： Beautiful Outlook on Life and Beautiful Rules of Social Organizations. The former mainly discusses the concepts and methods of building a Utopia while the later discusses the forms of social organizations and lives after the founding of a Utopia. As to the analysis of aesthetic thoughts,both books have a touch,but the former better traces the ideological history. Beautiful Outlook on Life is not only an in-depth discussion of aesthetic thought,but also a systematic answer to the questions about the outlook on life. The answer was also a prompt response to the Debate between Science and Metaphysics,a big event in the ideological history in the 1920 s. The book pushed forward the Debate substantially not only by offering the methods of comprehending the outlook on life,but also by constructing a set of plans. In view of this,Zhang＇s aesthetic ideas distinguished themselves as unique.Judging form epistemology,aesthetic methods do not parallel with that of science and metaphysics,but include and surpass the latter. Regarding the fusion between material and spiritual life,Zhang＇s aesthetics had both a material frame for practice and a spiritual ability to resist materialization caused by the former. In terms of the purpose of life,Zhang＇s idea of beauty is an ultimate conception,exceeding truth and goodness.