国体的起源、构造和选择:中西暗合与差异

Origin,Structure and Choice of State System

以"基督圣体"为摹本,西方中世纪至18世纪发展出以主权者为头部的"国家身体"神学政治。"一个头部,一个身体,一个灵"的教义,决定了"国家身体"的二维构造及其特征。横轴上,代表头部的主权不可分割,君主制、贵族制、民主制三者必居其一,混合制或三权分立被视为"多头怪物";纵轴上,单一制被视为维持"一个身体"的正常国体,联邦制意味着身体割裂或畸形的"双头双体"。这不仅体现在霍布斯的"利维坦"之构造,还决定了法国大革命时期对三权分立和联邦制的恐惧。中国传统文化中的"身体政治学",与"一个头部,一个身体,一个灵"的神学政治存在着惊人的暗合之处,但没有"身体大于头部"的神学政治观念,民初的国民不仅患有"共和民主恐惧症",还患有更为普遍的"联邦恐惧症",这或许决定了民初的国体选择。

Modeling after Corpus Christi, a biblical corporeal metaphor, the political theology estab- lished the mystical state body with the sovereign as its head and its doctrine of ＂one body, one head and one spirit＂ determined a two-dimensional structure of state body. Horizontally, the sovereign as the sole head is indivisible and inseparable, either as monarchy, or aristocracy, or democracy, while the mixed state and the separation of powers were all deemed to be monsters with three heads. Verti- cally, unitary state could maintain one body, while federalism meant the death or the deformity of state body. This kind of political theology not only shaped the face and the structure of Hobbs＇ Levia- than, but also bred the French affection for the unitary state and abhorrence of federalism during the French Revolution. In Chinese cultural tradition, there was a doctrine of political body similar to that of ＂one head, one body, one spirit＂ in the West. However, because of the lack of the western Medi- eval idea of the whole body over a part or head that fostered democracy and of Puritanism that promo- ted the development of the mixed state, the separation of powers and federalism, early Republic Chi- nese suffered not only from the phobia of democracy and republicanism, which caused the country to swing between monarchy and democracy, but also from the phobia of federalism, which determined China＇ s choice of the unitary state.