马克思博士论文之革命民主主义思想旨趣

Marx's Revolutionary Democratic View in the Doctoral Dissertation

青年黑格尔时期,不断尖锐化的思想和政治斗争的现实,把马克思引上哲学批判的道路,并形成了革命民主主义观点。这些观点,完整地体现在他的博士论文中。传统观点将德谟克利特和伊壁鸠鲁这两位古希腊唯物主义哲学家的自然哲学等同起来;马克思却另辟蹊径,阐明了他们在自然哲学方面的差别,从而揭示了伊壁鸠鲁原子学说的独特的积极意义,论证了人的个性解放的合理性,间接抨击了普鲁士毫无民主、自由的封建专制主义,主张将其改造成为一个自由、民主的国家。马克思认为,哲人的意义就在于他同世界的对立,他不但尝试着认识世界,甚至还要秘密地造出一个全新的世界来。即使马克思后来由激进的民主主义者转向共产主义者,其哲学观念也发生了变化,但他为自己所确立的奋斗目标之革命旨趣矢志不渝。

In the youth Hegel period, constantly intensification of reality and ideological struggle led Marx to the philosophy critique activity and formed a revolutionary democratic idea. This view was fully reflected in his doctoral dissertation. Traditionally, it was equated to the two ancient Greek materialist philosophers Democritus and Epicurus on Natural Philosophy. Marx made another way to clarify their differences. He revealed the unique positive sense on Epicurean＇s atomic theory and demonstrated the rationality of personality liberation. Furthermore, he indirectly attacked Prussia for a feudal autocracy without democracy and freedom. Marx deemed that this situation must be changed. He believed that philosophers＇ significance lied in their confrontation with the world. A philosopher should not only try to know the world, even secretly create a whole new world. Although Marx later turned a radical democrat to Communist, and his philosophy also changed. He established the goal of revolution in his faith forever.