清代中期西北流遣区域研究

The Study of the Exile Area in the Mid-Qing Dynasty

清代流遣区域的选择,清初多集中于东北,到了清代中期,由于中原人口的大幅度的增加,导致大批汉族百姓到关外垦田以求生计,这必然影响东北旗地的发展。在这种情况下,统治者一面对东北厉行封禁,一面改变流放政策,将遣犯改发到人烟稀少的西北地区。流放西北的形式主要有军流和遣犯两种。流放地主要集中于新疆地区的乌鲁木齐、伊犁、巴里坤、辟展等地。遣犯一般在屯田区域种地,一定年限后可落户当地。也有入铅厂当差,在山中采煤,还有充当船夫,从事各种沉重的体力劳动。遣犯的出路多数安插为民,也有少部分入绿营当兵,或遣返为民。

The selection of the Qing Dynasty exile area, the early Qing Dynasty more concentrated in the Northeast. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, due to the the increase of the population of the Central Plains, resulting in a large number of Han people to the Northeast find the livelihoods, which will inevitably affect the development of the Northeast field. In this case, the ruler rigorously enforce the ban of the northeast, to alter the exile policy, the removal committed redirected to the sparsely populated Northwest Territories. Mainly in the form of exile northwest flow and sent troops to commit. Exile mainly in the Xinjiang region, Urumqi, Yili, Barkol, the provision of exhibition and other places. Farming in general severance committed farming region, after a certain number of years can be settled locally. Also, coal mining in the mountains, as well as act as a boatman, engaged in various heavy physical labor. Removal committed way most people placement, a small part of the Pan soldier, or repatriation of the people.