部落间生产技术差异、冲突技术差异与等级制的起源

Differences in Production Technology and in Conflict Technology among Tribes and the Origin of Hierarchical System

人类社会经历了一个由无等级制向有等级制转变的演化历程,这一转变发生的条件是什么?这是国家发生学理论的一个关键问题。本文讨论了社会等级制出现的一种可能途径:牧民部落攻占农民部落,转化为坐寇,向农民部落征收贡赋。按此逻辑,我们构建了一个正式模型,分别讨论了一个牧民部落抢劫一个农民部落,以及两个牧民部落抢劫一个农民部落的两种情形。得出的结论是:当一个牧民部落抢劫一个农民部落时,部落间生产技术差异和冲突技术差异越大,越有利于等级制的出现。当两个牧民部落抢劫一个农民部落时,由抢劫技术占优的牧民部落建立等级制;农民部落和牧民部落间生产技术差异越大,越有利于等级制出现。

A hierarchical system was born from the original equality in human society. How and in which way such evolution has taken place is a key question for the theory of phylogenetics of state. This paper discusses a hypothesis regarding the origin of the hierarchy in human society, which is, a hierarchical system appears when a herdsmen tribe conquers an agricultural tribe and levies tribute to the latter. Following this logic, we established a model and concluded as follows： when there is only one herdsmen tribe robbing one agricultural tribe, the larger the difference exists in production technology and/ or in conflict technology between the two tribes, the higher the possibility that a hierarchical system would appear. When there are two herdsmen tribes robbing one agricultural tribe, a hierarchical would be created by the herdsmen tribe with more advanced technology. The larger the difference exists in production technology between agricultural tribes and herdsmen tribes, the higher the possibility that a hierarchical system would be created.