汉代“千钱一贯”问题探论

On “One Thousand Coins as An Unit” in Han Dynasty

海昏侯墓葬所出土的五铢钱,证明了"千钱一贯"的最迟起源在西汉中期之前,它反映了汉代武帝之后储积钱币的制度,但它并没有像后世那样确立为定制,其多样性,正说明了它还处在初期和过渡阶段。就货币的校量而言,汉代以十进制为根据,由百、千、万而上,直至万万钱,形成了各种校量单位,此后日渐集中于"千钱一贯"。"千钱"能成为一个受到重视的独立单位,是由汉代货币体系所决定,它既体现于,作为"市用钱"范畴内的高端,成为财富分界的一大指标,也对应着"金布"之"布",在保障汉代铜钱流通发展的进程中,发挥了重要的价值与作用。在这一进程中,随着"法钱"的确立,"行钱"渐被淘汰,秦代的"千钱一畚",终于在武帝时代发展为了"千钱一贯"的制度。

There are a large amount of Wuzhu Money （ ＂五铢钱＂） in the Haihun Marquis mausoleum, which show that the system of ＂one thousand coins as an unit＂ （＂千钱一贯＂） beginning before the mid Western Han Dynasty. There were various monetary measurement units based on the decimal in Han Dynasty, which increasingly focused on ＂one thousand coins as a unit＂. ＂One thousand coins＂ as an independent unit of attention was determined by the monetary system in Han Dynasty, which was the high-ranking of ＂the transaction money＂ （市用钱） as well as the counterparts of the ＂cloth＂ about ＂the gold and cloth law＂. In this process, the system of ＂one thousand coins as an unit＂ was set up from ＂one thousand coins in a dustpan＂ （ ＂千钱一畚＂ ） in Qin Dynasty, along with establishment of ＂normal money＂ （ ＂法钱＂ ） and obsolescence of ＂tentative money＂ （ ＂行钱＂ ） in the era of Martial Emperor.