东北春大豆籽粒性状的生态特性分析

Ecological Properties of Soybean Seed Quality Traits in Northeast China

为明确东北大豆籽粒性状的生态特性，采用东北地区代表性品种361份，于2012—2014年在东北地区北安、扎兰屯、克山、牡丹江、佳木斯、大庆、长春、白城、铁岭9个代表性地点进行了试验研究。本文将品种在所有环境下的平均值作为该品种在常规田间管理条件下获得的常规值，常规值的大小代表了品种的基因型值，用以作为与生态区值比较的标准。研究结果显示：（1）东北地区大豆的蛋白质含量、油脂含量、蛋脂总量为40．47％、21．35％和61．82％，百粒重总平均值为19．06g。不同试点间蛋白质含量、油脂含量、蛋脂总量最大相差约2—3个百分点，百粒重最大相差约3g；而品种间相对应性状则分别相差约8，4，6个百分点和20g，品种问差异远大于试点间表达的平均差异。（2）品种按育成年代归类，不同育成年代品种平均值呈现一定的变异趋势，蛋白质含量和蛋脂总量随育成年代呈现下降趋势、油脂含量和百粒重呈现上升趋势，其中蛋白质含量从41．23％降至40．28％，蛋脂总量从62．16％降至61．74％，油脂含量从20．92％升至21．46％，百粒重从18．70g升至19．29g。但同一育成年代内品种的差异大于不同育成年代间平均值间的差异。（3）品种按熟期组归类，平均值呈现一定的变异趋势，蛋白质含量（39．97％～41．31％）呈现以MGI组为底端，向早向晚均上升；油脂含量（20．42％-21．83％）与蛋脂总量（61．23％-62．92％）随熟期组变晚呈下降的趋势；百粒重在MGIII组（20．32g）达到最大，在其它熟期组间（18．86—19．18g）差异不显著。熟期组内品种籽粒性状的差异远大于熟期组间育成品种籽粒性状平均值间的差异。（4）各熟期组品种在各生态区籽粒性状的差异虽达到显著水平，但差异并不大。第1亚区主要包括黑龙江、内蒙古北部地区，各熟期组在该地的蛋白质含量、油脂含量、蛋脂含量、百粒重平均值分别低于相应的全试验平均值约0．1—0．4、0．6～1．3和1—1．5个百分点。第Ⅱ亚区主要包括黑龙江中南部至吉林省长春地区，MG000-MGI油脂含量在该地比相应的全试验平均约高0．1～0．2个百分点，百粒重高约0．45～1．1g。第Ⅲ亚区包括黑龙江西南至吉林省东北部缺水地区，MG000-MGII的蛋白质含量在该亚区比相对应的常规值高约0．3～0．5个百分点，MG000．MGI的蛋脂总量在该亚区均高于相应的常规值，其中MG000高约0．5个百分点，其余各组高0．1—0．2个百分点。第Ⅳ亚区主要包括辽宁省大部地区，MG000-MGU的蛋白质含量在该亚区比相应的常规值高约0．2—0．6个百分点，油脂含量比相应的常规值高约0．7—1．64个百分点，蛋脂总量则比相应的常规值高约1个百分点。第1亚区综合生态条件并不利于大豆高品质的表达，第Ⅱ亚区综合生态条件有利于油脂含量、百粒重的表达，第Ⅲ亚区综合生态条件有利于蛋白质含量、蛋脂总量的表达，第Ⅳ亚区综合生态条件有利于各品质性状的表达。东北各亚区生态环境对籽粒品质性状的表达有一定作用，但各亚区内品种间的遗传差异更大。根据品种在各生态亚区的表现筛选出一批籽粒性状有特色的品种供育种利用。

The soybean collection composed of 361 landraces and released cuhivars from Northeast China was tested for revealing the ecological properties of soybean seed quality traits at nine locations, including Zhalantun in Inner Mongolia, Baian, Keshan, Jiamusi, Mudanjiang and Daqing in Heilongjiang province, Changchun and Baicheng in Jilin province and Tieling in Liaoning province, in 2012-2014. The mean of a variety averages over all environments was recognized as the conventional value of the variety under normal agricultural conditions or the genotype value which was used as a standard in comparison with the eeo-region values for evaluation of the ecoregion effect. （ 1 ） The overall average values of protein content, oil content, total protein-oil content and lO0-seed weight were 40. 47% , 21.35% , 61.82% and 19.06 g, and their differences among experi- ment sites were less than 2-3 percent point or 3 g ; while the differences among varieties were about 8, 4, 6 percentpoint and 20 g, respectively. It meaned that the differences among varieties were much more than averages among experiment sites. （2） The varieties were organized into released years groups. Along with the advance of released years, the protein content and total protein-oil content decreased from 41.23% to 40. 28% and from 62. 16% to 61.74% , the oil content and 100-seed weight increased from 20. 92% to 21.46% and from 18.70 g to 19. 29 g, respectively. But the difference among varieties within a group was greater than the difference among the group mean values. （ 3 ） The varieties were organized into maturity groups （MG）. The protein content changed from 39.97% in early MG to 41.31% in late MG with MGI as the lowest. The oil content and total protein-oil content varied from 21.83% to 20. 42% and the total protein-oil content varied from 62. 92% to 61.23% along with the MG from early to late. There was no significant difference among maturity groups for 100-seed weight（ 18. 86- 19. 18 g） except the MGIII was the largest（20. 32 g）. For varieties grouped with geographic source in Northeast China, the protein content and 100-seed weight were higher at the North and the South but lower in the Middle, while the oil content and total protein-oil content were higher at the North and lower at the South. However, the difference among varieties within a MG or a geo-area was greater than the difference among the respective MG mean values or the geo-area values. （4）The different MG varieties performed differently in various eco-regions but the absolute difference was small. In Eco-region I, located in northern of Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia, all the four quality traits, protein content, oil content, total protein-oil content and 100-seed weight, performed 0. 1-0. 4, 0. 6-1.3, 1-1.5 percent point and 0. 6-1.6 g lower than their respective conventional values, respectively. In Eco-region II, located in the area from the southern of Heilongjiang to northern of Jilin, the performance of oil content and 100-seed weight in MG000-MGI was O. 1-0. 2 percent point and 0. 45-1.1 g higher than the conventional values, respectively. In Eco-region III, located in the area from southwest of Heilongjiang to northeast of Jilin where with less rainfall, the performance of protein content in MGO00-MGII was 0. 3-0. 5 percent point more than the conventional values and total protein-oil content in MG000-MGI was more than conventional values（0. 5 percent point more in MGO00 while 0. 1-0. 2 percent point more in other maturity groups）. In Eco-region IV, located in the most areas of Liaoning province, the performance of protein content, oil content and total protein-oil content was 0. 2-0. 6, 0. 7-1.6 and 1.0 percent point more than the respective conventional values. Therefore, Eco-region I was not conducive to the expression of the quality traits while Eco-region II was conducive to the expression of oil content and 100-seed weight, Eco-region III conducive to the expression of the protein content and total protein-oil content and Eco-region IV conducive to the expression of the 4 quality traits. Accord- ingly, the comprehensive ecological conditions of the sub-ecoregions have significant roles on the expression of the quality treats,but more differences exist among varieties within the same ecoregion. Based on the above results, a number of special quality varieties were nominated for quality breeding in soybean.