汉语(非)现实范畴的显赫性与扩张性——跨语言原型范畴化视角

The mightiness and expansion of(ir)realis category in Chinese:From a perspective of prototype categorization across languages

本文提出跨语言(非)现实(realis/irrealis)和时-体-情态之间的显赫(mightiness)非均衡性假设,试图通过论证(非)现实为汉语的显赫范畴且具扩张性,来阐释汉语时-体-情态的形式纠缠问题,并初步验证我们提出的假设。本研究结论如下:1)人类对客观世界认知的范畴化在(非)现实范畴中产生原型效应和层级系统,(非)现实的原型范畴在不同语言中有别,时-体-情态三个基本层次范畴以家族相似性聚合在(非)现实这一更高层次范畴下。2)(非)现实和时-体-情态之间存在显赫非均衡性,该假设具有跨语言普适性。当(非)现实为非显赫范畴时,下位层级上时-体-情态中任一范畴在不同语言中都可能成为显赫范畴;当(非)现实本身显赫时,时-体-情态中任一范畴倾向于非显赫。3)汉语中(非)现实是一个显赫范畴,而时-体-情态均为非显赫范畴,领属/存在范畴是汉语显赫(非)现实进行扩张的非原型范畴。

This paper puts forward the hypothesis of uneven mightiness between(ir)realis and tense-aspect-modality across languages.By proving that(ir)realis is a mighty category and thus has the feature of expansion in Chinese,we try to expose the nature of tangling expression forms of tenseaspect-modality and also conduct a preliminary test of our hypothesis.The results are as follows:1)The cognitive categorization of the objective world by humans leads to prototypical effect and hierarchical system in the(ir)realis category.The prototype of(ir)realis varies in different languages.The three categories of tense-aspect-modality with family resemblance on the basic level are collected under the higher level of(ir)realis.2)Mightiness has an uneven distribution between(ir)realis and tense-aspect-modality.This hypothesis is proved by facts across languages.When(ir)realis is not mighty,any category among tense-aspect-modality can be mighty in different languages,but when(ir)realis is mighty,any category among tense-aspect-modality tends to be not mighty.3)In Chinese(ir)realis is a mighty category but tense-aspect-modality isn't mighty.The possession/existence category is an(ir)realis expansion to its non-prototype.