新疆南疆地区杏树树形结构对杏麦间作的影响

Study on Effect of Tree Form Structure on System of Apricot-Wheat Intercropping in Southern Xinjiang

杏树是新疆主要特色林果树种之一,在南疆地区广泛栽培,栽植模式主要以果粮间作种植为主,随着树龄的增加,树冠遮阴胁迫对间作小麦生长发育及产量造成严重的影响。为选择适宜间作模式的高光效杏树树形结构,以9a生杏(‘胡安娜’)—冬小麦(‘新冬20’)间作为研究对象,设置主干分层形、高干圆头形(提干改造)、开心形(落头改造)和自然大冠形(不修剪对照)4个树形结构处理。对各树形体结构及负载量间的差异进行调查分析,测定树冠不同区域叶片质量及光合效率、不同间作区域冬小麦旗叶质量(灌浆期)、产量,综合分析不同处理间的经济效益。结果表明,各树形处理负载量和产量由高至低依次为主干分层形、自然大冠形、开心形、高干圆头形,各处理相同区域叶片指标及光合指标差异显著;树形处理对间作小麦产量构成指标的影响主要为冠下区和近冠区,间作区域小麦产量由高至低依次为开心形、主干分层形、高干圆头形、自然大冠形。综合分析认为:4个树形处理中,主干分层形树冠体积适中,单位体积负载量15.60 m-3,单株产量53.28kg;对间作小麦生长和产量影响较小;果粮综合产值为1 826.71元/667m2,综合经济效益较高干圆头形、开心形和自然大冠形提高136%、32%和41%。可见,9a生杏-麦复合系统4m×6m种植模式适宜选择主干分层形作为主要栽培树形。

Apricot is one of main fruit tree in Xinjiang,which is widely growed in southern area of Xin- jiang. In southern Xinjiang,the major planting model for apricot is intercropping with wheat. With the growth of tree age, growth and output of wheat was influenced by shading of fruit tree crowns. Not only have the fruit tree structures impacted fruit production, but also have great influence on light distribution in intercropping area. Therefore,it is important to choose tree form which is suitable in agro-forestry intercropping systems. This experiment took 9 years old apricot （‘Huanna＇）-winter wheat intercropping system as research objects, four treatments such as trunk-delaminating shape, high stem-dome（improve the trunk height）, open（remove center pole） and non-pruning big crown shape（CK） were conducted in the paper. We studied the structure indexes of crown,leaves quality and photosynthetic capacity,and we also studied the flag quality,yield components index in different inter- cropping areas ,and predicted the fresh apricot and wheat yield, and comprehensively analyzed the eco- nomic efficiency and input-output rate in the different intercropping systems. The results showed that the load and amount of fruit bearing of different tree forms form high to low were in the order of trunk-delaminating shape, no pruning big crown shape,open shape,high stem-domes shape. The leav- es quality and photosynthetic indexes in different crown areas among different tree forms had signifi- cant difference. The difference of wheat grain output index among treatments was mainly under crown area and near crown area, output of wheat grain form high to low was in the order of open shape, trunk-delaminating shape,high stem-domes shape,no pruning big crown shape. Compared with other treatments,the trunk-delaminating tree form had moderate canopy volume of 53.28 kg per plant yield and 15.60 m-3 unit volume load,and it had a little influence on intercropping wheat growth and yield. The comprehensive economic benefits of apricot and wheat were high and its production value per 667 me was 1 826.71 yuan,and respectively increased by 136% ,32% and 41% comparing with high stem- dome,open and no pruning big crown shape. The results preliminary showed that trunk-delaminating tree form is a suitable choice for a tree form of main planting tree in the 4 m× 6 m planting pattern of apricot （bearing） wheat agroforestry intercropping system .