论西游故事中“白龙马”形象的演化

The Evolution of the Image of the White Dragon Horse in “Journey to the west” Stories

白龙马是取经五圣中不可或缺的一员,它在故事中的形象也和其他四圣一样经历了一个逐渐发展并最终定型的动态过程。一方面,它肇始于取经中对马的实际需求,萌芽于胡翁换马、策杖西行的逸闻,嗣后又与"白马驮经"的传说相结合,使得至迟在宋代,白马参与取经便得以固定下来。另一方面,取经故事在发展中又不断融入印度作孽龙、护法龙的传说,龙的出现也成为取经中的常态。随着唐宋以降取经故事本身的不断神化,元代之际又合龙、马二者为一,而以龙属马身的形态出现;最终于明中期经文人的加工而更具艺术魅力,完成了白龙马形象的塑造。探究白龙马形象的演化,有助于理清西游记故事各主要形象的流变及其与整体故事演化的关系,还可以为《西游记》的佚本探测、简繁之辨等版本、成书研究提供侧面观照。

The white dragon horse is one of the five sages who go on a pilgrimage for Buddhist scriptures,whose image in the story is experiencing a gradually developing and finally setting dynamic process as well as the other four sages. On one hand,it begins with the actual demand in the going on a pilgrimage for Buddhist scriptures,and emerge from the anecdote about the old Hunni changing horse and going west with a stick,Subsequently combines with the legend of the white horse carry Buddhist scriptures,which makes the white horse participating in the going on a pilgrimage permanent at least in the Song Dynasty. On the other hand,the story of going on a pilgrimage for Buddhist scriptures integrates into the legends of the do evil dragon and the guardian dragon in the development,so the appearance of dragon is also becoming the normality. With the story of going on a pilgrimage for Buddhist scriptures being deification since Tang and Song Dynasty,merging dragon and horse and appearing in the form of dragon category and horse image in Yuan Dynasty,and finally becoming more artistically charming after the processing of literati,the image building of the white dragon is completed. Exploring the evolution of the image of the white dragon horse is not only helpful to clarify the evolution process of the main image and relation of the story of the overall evolution,but also good to detect about the lost version of 'Journey to the west',distinguish between simple and complicated version,research the process of a book providing another perspective.