14世纪初期基督教世界政治的变化——以1337年《和平宣言》的解读为中心

Political Changes in the Christian World in the Early 14^(th) Century: An Interpretation of the Peace Announcement of 1337

14世纪以前,教皇垄断了十字军东征的发动权。英格兰国王爱德华三世在1337年发布的《和平宣言》表明,14世纪初期基督教世界的世俗君主已经拥有十字军东征的发动权,能够在基督教世界政治舞台上以十字军东征作为战争理由向对手宣战。14世纪初期基督教世界政治发生了一系列变化:宗教权力被重新分配,从而革新以往君权神授的观念;强权政治原则取代封建主义而开始成为政治实践的基本原则,根据强权政治原则重新确立了基督教世界政治的主体资格及相关行为规范。

Before the 14^(th) century,the Pope was the sole authority for launching the Crusades. However,the Peace Announcement by Edward III of England in 1337 indicated that secular monarchs of the early 14^(th)-century Christian world were able to wage wars in the name of the Crusades. This reveals a series of changes in the political climate: the religious authority was redistributed,and the old notion of 'the divine right of kings ' was reshaped; feudalism gave way to power politics,and the international political practices of the Christian world were reoriented accordingly.