核扩散问题与艾森豪威尔政府和平利用原子能计划

Nuclear Proliferation and “Atoms for Peace” of the Eisenhower Administration

艾森豪威尔政府和平利用原子能计划的主要目的是通过向非核国家提供有限核技术用于和平,以换取它们不开发核武器。然而,这一目标最终并未实现,核扩散问题呈加剧之势。其原因在于:美国主要关注防止垂直核扩散,忽视了水平核扩散;缺乏有效的国际控制和核查;艾森豪威尔政府防扩散政策的两面性;推行和平利用原子能计划的方式在客观上为一些国家开发核武器提供了便利。不可否认,和平利用原子能计划确实为许多国家带来了福利,但其副作用同样明显。作为建立国际不扩散协议的第一步,它打开了不受限制的核扩散大门。和平利用和军事利用原子能技术是一对连体婴,艾森豪威尔政府认识到可化核剑为犁,却忽视了核犁仍然可以重铸为剑。

The 'Atoms for Peace ' plan of the Eisenhower administration was designed to restrict the development of nuclear weapons in non-nuclear countries by exporting limited nuclear technologies for civil purposes. However,the plan actually aggravated nuclear proliferation. Its failure was mainly caused by the following factors: the emphasis of vertical proliferation and the neglect of horizontal proliferation; the absence of effective international control and inspection; the duality of Eisenhower's policy; the promotion of peaceful use which actually facilitated development of nuclear technologies.Undeniably,some countries benefited from the plan,but its side-effects could not be overlooked: the first step of non-proliferation efforts ironically accelerated proliferation. Eisenhower's plan failed to notice that,though the iron blade of nuclear power could be molded into plough,the plough could also be recast into sword.