郑州小双桥商代都邑布局探索

The Layout of Shang Capital City Site at Xiaoshuangqiao

郑州商城在商代白家庄期的某个时间失去都邑地位,其西北方向约12.5公里处的小双桥一带成为新的都邑。小双桥都邑所处台地呈西北东南走向,宫城城墙和大型宫殿宗庙建筑的走向,也大多与地形的走向一致,一改郑州商城北偏东为主的取向,同时也朝向郑州商城,说明小双桥都邑的营建既结合了地形又朝向先王都邑。小双桥都邑从内到外依次是"宫城"、"城区"和"郭区",宫城由多个功能不同的单元组成,与此前郑州商城三重结构布局类似。小双桥都邑的夯筑技术和建筑布局与郑州商城相似,其营建继承了郑州商城的建筑理念和技术传统。小双桥都邑的青铜冶铸遗存位于宫城内,有相关大型夯土建筑及大规模的牛牲祭祀,更加重视青铜冶铸工业。比起郑州商城,小双桥都邑的祭祀活动更加集中,祭祀类别更加鲜明,祭祀规模更宏大,人牲祭祀更普遍,高台祭坛更巍峨壮观。

During the Baijiazhuang phase in Shang dynasty, a new capital was built at Xiaoshuangqiao, 12.5 kilometres northwest of the original capital city in present-day Zhengzhou, Henan province. The Xiaoshuangqiao site is situated on a northwest to southeast tableland. Its palaces, temples and fortified walls of the palace zone follow the same orientation and the site points to the Shang city site in Zhengzhou. Such orientation, which replaces the previous north-by-east orientation at the Zhengzhou site, is a result of local terrain and location of the previous capital. The Xiaoshuangqiao site consists of a palace zone, an inner city and an outer city. The palace zone is divided into several areas of different functions, which is similar to the three-layer layout of Zhengzhou site. Moreover, the rammed earth technique and distribution of buildings show strong influences of the Zhengzhou site as well. Remains of bronze foundries with large-scale rammed earth buildings and ox sacrifices have been found within the palace zone, reflecting the importance given to bronze casting. Compared with the Shang city site in Zhengzhou, the Xiaoshuangqiao site demonstrates concentration, diversity and larger scale of sacrificial activities, the popularity of human sacrifices and magnificent high altars.