建立北极无核武器区的国际法分析与思考

An Analysis of the Establishment of the Arctic NWFZ from the Perspective of International Law

21世纪人类面临的两大安全威胁是环境变化的影响和核武器的危害,北极因其独特的地理位置而经受着这样的考验。2007年加拿大帕格沃什组织倡议建立北极无核武器区,引起了世人的广泛关注。虽然核军备控制条约和联合国大会决议等法律制度为建立北极无核武器区提供了国际法基础,但北极无核武器区的建立涉及多边条约的缔结和生效,以及各参与主体的义务和责任等问题。中国作为北半球的核武器国家,同样具有国际法和国内法依据参与北极地区的安全治理。基于此,当前可以结合《特拉特洛尔科条约》和《拉罗汤加条约》等已有经验,从北极国家和非北极国家两种不同视角探讨建立北极无核武器区的具体路径。

Two major security threats faced by the mankind in the 21 st century are the effects of environmental change and the hazard of nuclear weapons,and the Arctic area is experiencing such a test because of its unique geographical location. In2007 the Canadian Pugwash Group advocated for establishing an Arctic NWFZ( nuclear-weapon-free zone),attracting a wide attention from the world. Although the legal systems such nuclear arms control treaties and resolutions of the UN General Assembly provides a basis of international law to establish an Arctic NWFZ,the establishment of the Arctic NWFZ involves the conclusion and entry into force of a multilateral treaty,as well as the obligations and responsibilities of the participants and other issues. As a nuclear-weapon country in the northern hemisphere,China also has both international and domestic law basis for the participation in security governance in the Arctic. Based on this,currently we can refer to the existing experience such as the Treaty of Tlatelolco and the Treaty of Rarotonga to explore the specific ways of establishing the Arctic NWFZ from the two different perspectives of the Arctic and non-Arctic states.