对刑法兜底条款的解释

Interpretation of Miscellaneous Provisions in Chinese Criminal Law

兜底条款是指在刑法分则中以"其他……"方式对列举事项作总括性规定的罪刑条款。我国刑法吸收了"只含同类规则",对其同类标准有所深化。该规则具有天生的局限性,总体上倾向于限制解释,不利于弥补漏洞,也不利于明确兜底条款的规范内容。该规则以防止兜底条款的"口袋化"为基本预设,限制其适用范围,使其补充功能被削弱,使补充法规则无法得以贯彻。鉴于兜底条款较低的可预测程度,对具体问题应采用各种解释方法,遵守这些方法的位阶,予以层层解析,以防出于抽象目的或政策而进行的随意解读。只含同类规则虽然不否认补充功能,但难以兼顾各种情况,其判断标准也欠缺必要的确定性,因而并非解释该条款的统一法则。

Ejusdem generis emerges from the canons of construction in American judicial practice. As one of the textual canons, it is assimilated by Chinese criminal law to solve the problem of application of miscellaneous provisions. The basic function of miscellaneous provisions is to fill the gaps of enumerations, and it should be treated separately in accordance with interpretation methods, rather than the ejusdem generis rule itself, whose function of gapilling is impaired by its original purpose of avoiding ambiguity or vagueness. Given its low level of predictability, the interpretation should be done in a hierarchical manner to prevent arbitrariness for abstract purpose or policies. Although one may accept the gap-filling function of the rules, he could barely take full account of differences mentioned above when the rules are considered as the only option of employment, let alone the lack of a necessarily certain criteria