弥漫之气:中国古代关于瘟疫“致”与“治”的思维模式

Qi Spreading All over the Space:On the Model of Ancient Chinese Thought about Pestilence from the Perspective of Resulting and Treating

形象语言的特性决定了中国古代思维模式强综合、弱分析、强调整体性、直觉性的特点,瘟疫"致"与"治"的观念中"气"观念就是其产物。借助"气"大范围存在且具流动性的特点,瘟疫的各项特质可以得到解释,而且可以实现与荣卫气血思想的无缝衔接。早期人体外的气多指气候,而隋代注病观念注意到了邪气的人际传染,有了初步的细分、精分思想,但宋代以《圣济总录》为代表的官方医著用五运六气学说预言未来疾病,却是个机械的退步。明代吴有性的戾气论突破伤寒和五运六气成说,并明确指出了口鼻为传染渠道,使得治疗更有针对性,这是逻辑思维发展的体现,但仍然归属在"气"的概念之下。"气"的内涵不断被阐释、被置换,被加以正反两方面的利用。水、火、德行等具备弥漫性特点的物质或秉性往往也成为抵抗瘟疫的手段。围绕瘟疫问题上弥漫性物质(秉性)的左右逢源,充分展现了中国传统思维模式的特点。

A characteristic ofimage language determines the ancient Chinese thinking model to emphasize integrality and intuition,which results in being comprehensively strong while analytically weak.The concept of qi,reflected in the thoughts of pestilence in the way of resulting and treating is the product of it.By introducing the concept of qi,with its feature of spreading all over the space,various characteristic of pestilence could be interpreted.And it is perfectly in accordance with the qi-blood theory.Qi was almost taken as climate in the early times,and by the Sui Dynasty,it gained initial distinguishment in putting forward the concept of'Zhu-Bing'which had noticed social contagion.Medical works of Song Dynasty,represented by The Complete Record of Holy Benevolence,applied theory'five elements and six pathogens'to predict disease.But,it was a regress.The idea of epidemic pathogenic factors by Wu Youxing in the Ming Dynasty made a breakthrough.It targeted nose and mouth as the infections channels,which was a progress in logical thinking,but it was still under the conception of qi.The connotation of qi was continuously explained and substituted in the process,and it was put to use in both pros and cons.Water,fire,virtues and such with spreading characteristic are considered to be effective in fighting disease.And all of this creatively demonstrates the feature of traditional Chinese thinking pattern.In brief,qi plays a multifunctional role in this research.