蒋介石、胡宗南与1943年闪击延安计划

Chiang Kai-shek,Hu Zongnan and the Plan of Blitz Attacking Yan'an in 1943

1941年皖南事变后,国共关系相对缓和,但国民党对陕北地区控制权的争夺并未停止,1943年夏季蒋介石误判日苏冲突在即,命令胡宗南7月10日闪击延安。此后因日苏关系趋于缓和,中共又获悉计划详情,蒋被迫暂停军事行动。随之中共全面改变"和国"政策,展开大规模政治攻势,国共紧张的军事对峙演变为舆论宣传战。而苏联公开介入国共冲突,刺激蒋介石再度计划进攻陕北,但罗斯福的反对态度及党内人士对英美停止援助的担心,军事制裁方案最终放弃,重新将中共问题定位为政治问题。由此可窥知,国际因素成为蒋介石考量战时国共关系的关键所在,但随着美苏深层次的介入国共冲突,国共关系及其实力的变化又转而成为影响美苏在华存在的重要变量。更为重要的是,闪击延安计划促使中共重新定位与国民党的政治关系,国共关系迅即迈入新的历史阶段。

After the Southern Anhui Incident, the relations between the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang comparatively relaxed,but the Kuomintang did not stop struggling for the control of Northern Shaanxi. In the summer of 1943 Chiang Kai-shek misjudged that the Soviet Union and Japan would conflict soon,so he ordered Hu Zongnan to wage a blitz attack to Yan'an on 10 July. Later because the relations between Japan and the Soviet Union became relaxed,and also because the CCP had learned details of the plan,Chiang Kai-shek had to stop the military operation. Then the CCP completely changed its policy of'making peace with the Kuomintang'and launched a massive offensive,leading the tense military confrontation between the CCP and the Kuomintang to a propaganda battle. The Soviet Union publicly involved in the Kuomintang-CCP conflicts,stimulating Chiang Kai-shek planned to attack Northern Shaanxi again. However,the opposition of President Roosevelt and worries of other Kuomintang leaders about the USA and Britain would stop aids eventually forced Chiang Kai-shek to give up the military sanctions plan and reconfirmed the problem of the CCP as a political problem. From this we can learn that the international factors were keys for Chiang Kai-shek to consider the wartime relations between the Kuomintang and the CCP. However,along with the UAS and the Soviet Union's deep involvement in the Kuomintang-CCP conflicts,the relations between them and the changes of their strength instead became important variables to affect the presence of the USA and the Soviet Union in China. More importantly,the plan of blitz attacking Yan'an forced the CCP to re-consider its political relations with the Kuomintang,and the relations between them immediately entered a new historical stage.