从“隐喻说”到“意识形态说”——英国马克思主义视阈中的“基础/上层建筑”

From “Metaphor”to“Ideology” ——“Base/Superstructure”in Terms of the British Marxism

英国马克思主义在发展过程中始终保持着对基础/上层建筑命题的密切关注。早期研究者将基础/上层建筑视为一个有机整体而非线性模型,因而致力于扩大两者所能容纳的社会要素,提出应将该命题理解为一种隐喻。随着社会语境的变化,上世纪60年代末开始活跃的学者将对该命题的思考落实在对意识形态问题的研究之中,以此来反对传统马克思主义对上层建筑的理解,同时倾向于将基础与上层建筑的关系理解为一种功能性关系,从而使英国马克思主义逐步回归到对生产力和生产关系的重视方面。从整体上看,英国马克思主义关于该命题的研究呈现出一种辩证发展的总体趋势。

British Marxism in the development process has always maintained close attention to the basic/superstructure proposition.The early researchers regarded the basic/superstructure as an organic whole rather than a linear model,so they devoted themselves to expanding the social factors of both and proposed that this proposition should be understood as a metaphor.With changes in social environment,the scholars who began to be active in the late 1960 sresearched this proposition through ideology in order to oppose the understanding of superstructure by traditional Marxism,and to understand the relationship between base and superstructure as the functional relationship,thereby gradually return to the emphasis on productivity and production relations.On the whole,British Marxist studies of this proposition show an overall trend of dialectical development.