新世纪以来美国基础教育政策价值取向的演变

The Evolution of the Value Orientation of US Basic Education Policy in the 21^(st) Century

从"二战"后到新世纪之前,美国基础教育政策价值取向经过了一定的演变。新世纪以来,受美国政治、经济、文化和教育等因素的影响,美国基础教育政策的价值取向有一定的延续性,都支持政府干涉教育事务;都以拨款的形式推动教育改革;都把追求效率作为教育理念之一;背后的指导思想都是新自由主义。同时,奥巴马政府对基础教育政策进行了一些革新,采取了更积极的奖惩政策;以竞争性拨款来代替合格性拨款;改变学术标准和评价标准;更为注重教育公平等举措。目前美国基础教育政策面临着联邦政府是否应干预教育?竞争性拨款是否有效?更多的选择是否更好等争议。美国基础教育政策价值取向的演变能为我国基础教育政策价值取向提供一定启示。

The value orientation of US basic education policy has evolved from the Second World War to the 21^(st) century.Since the start of the new century,the value orientation of US basic education policy has certain continuity from the Bush administration to the Obama administration under the influence of political,economic,cultural and educational factors.They both support government interference ineducational affairs,promote the education reform through grant form,put the pursuit of efficiency as one of the educational idea.The guiding ideology is the new liberalism.In the inheritance and continuation of Bush basic education policy at the same time,Obama also carried out some education reforms,including a more active policy of rewards and punishment,replacing qualified grants with competitive funding,changing academic standards and evaluation criteria,and paying more attention to the fairness of education.The US basic educational policy faces some disputes.For example,should the federal government intervene in education?Is competitive funding effective?Is more choice better?The evolution of value orientation of US basic education policy can provide some enlightenment for the value orientation of China's basic education policy.