村落共同体、农民道义与中国乡村协商民主

Village Community, Peasants' Morality and Justice,and Deliberative Democracy in Rural China

当下中国有许多基层协商民主的生动实例,其中有不少来自于农村的协商实践,而中国农民有相当多的协商民主体验,他们参与讨论了对于基层治理来说极为重要的一些议题。本文要讨论的是,为什么中国协商民主创新案例特别是授权性的创新案例通常发生在基层尤其是基层农村?为什么农民是协商民主制度创新的主体?为什么是协商民主的发展比较具有制度化的绩效而不是别的什么制度创新?本文基于对基层协商民主经验的观察和研究发现,第一,中国协商民主创新案例通常发生于农村,其原因在于农村是一个真正具有腾尼斯意义的共同体;第二,协商民主的直接功用在于纠村落共同体村民自治之偏,推动村民自治"四大民主"后三个功能的再落实;第三,中国农民的协商民主具有在"利益协商"之下"道义政治"的意涵。

The deliberation in rural areas is a foundation of Chinese deliberative democracy system, in which peasants participatein many issues' discussions in local governances. This article focuses on three questions: Why do deliberative cases usually occur in local areas and particularly in rural China? Why do peasants become major innovators of deliberative democracy in China? Why does deliberative democracy instead of other institutions become first choice of local institutional innovation? Based on the field work, this article makes three explanations: the existence of Community in rural China is a major reason to answer first question; the direct function of deliberative democracy is to really promote the implementation of villagers' self-governance; the deliberative democracy in rural China bears the meaning of morality and justice.